“…Past studies have provided abundant examples of children's learning in Japan, illustrating, for examples, play, socialization, care and responsibilities, bringing to light both the historical and contemporary discourses on the topic, for example the influence of Japanese religious belief in the divine nature of children (Izumi-Taylor & Rogers, 2016), Frobel's self-activity, child-centred education from America and Europe, and the idea of creativity from Reggio Emilie (Burke, 2008). In the context of early childhood years, learning refers to kaihatsu and it consists of 'play in natural environments', 'physicality', 'experiencing social complexity' (Tobin, Hsueh, & Karasawa, 2008, p.129;p.156), 'an emotion-centred emphasis' (Nanakida, 2015, p.29), sympathetic relationships (Izumi-Taylor, 2013), everyday life experiences (Lee, Takenaka & Kanasue, 2015), 'socialization of children based on cultural values' (Izumi-Taylor & Rogers, 2016, p.212), self-regulation, self-reliance, doing tasks (Hegde, Sugita, Crane-Mitchell, & Averett, 2014), becoming 'the strong individual' (Aspinall, 2016, p.136), and developing into 'fully functioning members of their own country' (Burke, 2008, p.152).…”