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doi:10.14294/water.2013.12

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This model explains the physical existence and properties of magnetized water and homeopathic medicines. As coherent domains of Del Giudice and Preparata can be identified with EZ water, 104 the Nanoparticle-Exclusion Zone Shell Model covers coherent domains model and also clathrate model at least in spirit that "memory" is the cause of the effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Possible Mechanisms of Hormesis and Homeopathy in the Light of Nanopharmacology and Ultra-High Dilutions

Ullman¹

2021

Dose-Response

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Serially diluted succussed solutions of a suitable drug/toxic substance can exhibit physicochemical and biological properties even far beyond Avogadro’s limit defying conventional wisdom. They can show hormesis, and homeopathy uses them as medicines. Many studies confirm that they can have an impact on gene expression different than controls. Water in the exclusion zone phase can have memory but for a short period. However, the nanoparticle as the physical substrate can hold information. Nanoparticle and exclusion zone duo as nanoparticle-exclusion zone shell can provide a prolonged memory. The Nanoparticle-Exclusion Zone Shell Model may be an important step toward explaining the nature and bioactivity of serially diluted succussed solutions used as homeopathic medicines. This model may also provide insight into the workings of hormesis. Hormesis is the primary phenomenon through which homeopathic phenomenon may have evolved exhibiting the principle of similars. Hahnemann exploited it to establish homeopathy. The nanoparticle-exclusion zone shells present in the remedy, selected on the principle of similars, can be patient-specific nanoparticles in a symptom syndrome-specific manner. They can carry the drug-specific information for safer clinical applications in an amplified form for high yielding. It suggests homeopathy is a type of nanopharmacology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Possible Mechanisms of Hormesis and Homeopathy in the Light of Nanopharmacology and Ultra-High Dilutions

Ullman¹

2021

Dose-Response

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“…Especially interesting is that these supramolecular water complexes (clusters, associates) are present in high and ultra-high dilutions of different substances obtained by repeated dilutions of polar solutes. They may be visualized using such physical methods as atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electric force microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, dynamic light scattering (for the reviews see [33][34][35][36][37]). Many authors who observed the appearance of supramolecule water complexes in aqueous systems suppose that they represent the so-called coherent domains (CDs) of water predicted by Emilio Del Giudice and colleagues [38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peculiarities of the Physicochemical Properties of Hydrated C60 Fullerene Solutions in a Wide Range of Dilutions

et al. 2021

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Hydrated fullerene C60 (HyFn) is a supramolecular object in which the nanosized fullerene molecule is enclosed in a multilayer shell of water molecules. Despite the fact that fullerene C60 is chemically rather inert, aqueous solutions of HyFn exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activity in particular in low and ultra-low concentrations. Thus, physical and chemical properties of aqueous solutions of HyFn in a wide range of its dilutions are of interest. Here we compared some physical and chemical properties of aqueous systems prepared by successive 100-fold dilutions of HyFn (10–7 M) with deionized water, with their intensive shaking at each stage up to the calculated HyFn concentration of 10–31 M and of the corresponding “dilutions” of deionized water prepared in the same manner (controls). We studied the character of рН changes in dilutions when titrating them with HCl and NaOH. It turned out that HyFn dilutions had significantly higher buffering capacity against acidification with HCl than control water “dilutions.” At the highest acidity reached pH in all HyFn dilutions was almost 0.3 units higher than in the respective controls. Average buffering capacity of HyFn dilutions and water controls when titrated with NaOH did not differ. However, differences in buffering capacity could be seen between consecutive dilutions of HyFn at their titration either with NaOH or with HCl. Most prominent differences were observed between consecutive HyFn dilutions in the range of calculated concentrations 10–17–10–31 M titrated with NaOH while no significant differences in pH between equivalent “dilutions” of control water were observed. Similar though less prominent variations in buffering capacity between consecutive HyFn dilutions titrated with HCl were also noticed. Thus, titration with an acid and especially with an alkali made it possible to reveal differences between individual dilutions of HyFn, as well as differences between HyFn dilutions and corresponding dilutions of water. These features may be due to complexity in the structural properties of aqueous systems, which, supposedly, can arise due to the emergence of heterogenous aqueous regions (“clouds”) in the course of their dilutions with intensive mixing at each stage. In order to find out if such heterogeneity is a characteristic for HyFn dilutions we used the method of drying microsphere-containing droplets, whose aqueous base were either HyFn dilutions in the range of calculated HyFn concentration 10–7–10–31 M or respective water controls. It was found that a significant part of HyFn dilutions is characterized by mesoscopic heterogeneity. It showed up by the tendency of microspheres to concentrate in a specific way resembling ornaments once the droplets had dried. As the degree of HyFn dilution increased, the number of dried droplets with an ornament-like microsphere distribution increased. Same was also observed in water control drops. However, for the dilutions of HyFn equivalent to concentrations 10–19–10–31 M the percentage of complexly structured dried up droplets reached 60–80%, while for dried out drops of respective water controls it did not exceed 15–20%. Thus, the physicochemical properties of high dilutions of hydrated fullerene differ not only from each other dependently on the dilution level, but also from those of high dilutions of water, which can be explained by the structuredness and heterogeneity of these aqueous systems. Therefore, upon dilution process the properties of the solutions change according to complex and non-linear laws so that final dilutions cannot be identical in their properties and features to those of the initial solutions (before dilutions process) and to the untreated water. Dilution process, in view of the aforementioned, should not be underestimated when analyzing properties of the solutions, having shown to be able to affect dramatically properties of the solutions.

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“…The coherent domains model of Del Giudice et al is well rooted in quantum field theory, but lacks direct experimental support (Bellavite et al, 1, 2013). It suggests that interaction between the ambient electromagnetic field and liquid water induces the formation of stable coherent domains of about 100 nm in diameter, "responsible for all the special properties of water including life itself" (Ho, 2014), as observed by Konovalov et al (2014a,b). Del Giudice et al (2010) also suggest that exclusion zone (EZ) water is a macroscopic coherent domain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Untitled

2016

WATER

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Pure water is neither affected by magnetic field nor keeps memory of its past experience. But amazingly, this property of water alters if it is exposed to air (oxygen), as liquid crystalline exclusion zones (EZ) build up, especially around nanoparticles present as impurities. The nanoparticle structure is not kinetically trapped, but responsive to environmental changes. Further, the EZ could contain surface-specific information. Based on these facts and on certain pharmaceutical and clinical observations in homeopathy, in this paper a novel "The Nanoparticle -EZ Shell Model" is developed. The goal is to understand the retention of memory of a source drug through serial succussed dilutions, where it physically no longer remains. This model suggests that during a few initial dilutions, nanoparticles adsorb the source drug which modifies their structure. Such nanoparticles, along with the adsorbed source drug as nucleator, build up modified EZ shells around them. Both the structurally modified nanoparticles and their modified shells have information about the source drug in "crude and condensed" form. In successive dilutions, during violent strokes at each dilution, the modified EZ shells strip off to spread as further modified EZ templates to nanoparticles present in that dilution, modifying their structures accordingly. Thus the source drug information passes, "evolving" from one dilution to the next, beyond even Avogadro. This model also explains other bizarre and wildly diverse aspects of homeopathic medicines. The proposed model provides a rational base for further research, as understanding homeopathic medicine may prove pivotal for understanding nanoscience, water and its so called memory.

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Cited by 11 publications

References 8 publications

Exploring Possible Mechanisms of Hormesis and Homeopathy in the Light of Nanopharmacology and Ultra-High Dilutions

Exploring Possible Mechanisms of Hormesis and Homeopathy in the Light of Nanopharmacology and Ultra-High Dilutions

Peculiarities of the Physicochemical Properties of Hydrated C60 Fullerene Solutions in a Wide Range of Dilutions

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