Zero Emission Building And Conversion Factors Between Electricity Consumption And Emissions Of Greenhouse Gases In A Long Term Perspective

Graabak, Ingeborg; Bakken, B.H.; Feilberg, Nicolai

doi:10.2478/rtuect-2014-0002

Cited by 37 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The use of the ZEB factor makes it possible to compare analyses within the ZEB Centre. The average over 60 years, the assumed lifetime of new buildings, is 0.132 kg CO2eq/kWh [81]. The average ZEB factor over 30 years is also used in this thesis, since this is the assumed lifetime of a PV/T system.…”

Section: ( 14 )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ultra-green scenario represents a combination of a reduced energy demand, increased energy generation from renewables and nuclear, as well as increased transmission capacities [81]. The red scenario is the least ambitious of the scenarios, and includes only low-tech developments of traditional, mostly centralized energy sources [81]. Figure from [81].…”

Section: ( 14 )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The red scenario is the least ambitious of the scenarios, and includes only low-tech developments of traditional, mostly centralized energy sources [81]. Figure from [81].…”

Section: ( 14 )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several scenarios for the future grid in Europe were developed in the ZEB Centre by Graabak, et al [81], and the influence on zero emission buildings was analysed by Georges, et al [11] in a European and Norwegian context. The development of the specific grid emission factor (kg CO2eq/kWh) in the different scenarios is shown in Figure 14.…”

Section: ( 14 )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most ambitious scenario analysed by Graabak, et al was the so-called ultra-green scenario, in which it was assumed that emissions of the European grid will be reduced by 90% by 2050 in line with EU long term political goals [82,83]. The ultra-green scenario represents a combination of a reduced energy demand, increased energy generation from renewables and nuclear, as well as increased transmission capacities [81]. The red scenario is the least ambitious of the scenarios, and includes only low-tech developments of traditional, mostly centralized energy sources [81].…”

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Embodied greenhouse gas emissions from PV systems in Norwegian residential Zero Emission Pilot Buildings

et al. 2016

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Printed by NTNU Grafisk senter i This thesis concerns the use of solar energy in energy efficient buildings. More precisely, the topic is photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) solar energy systems, and how these can be used to provide renewable energy in zero emission buildings. PV/T modules are a hybrid between photovoltaic (PV) modules and solar thermal collectors, and therefore generate electricity and thermal energy simultaneously. The objective of the thesis was to investigate the potential of PV/T systems to minimize the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of a residential building.The building sector accounts for around one third of the global energy use and about half of the electricity use, and is therefore a key area to focus on in the effort to mitigate climate change and to create more sustainable societies in the future. The environmental impact of buildings need to be lowered by reducing the energy demand during construction and operation, but also by replacing polluting energy sources with renewable ones. The European Union has demanded of its member states that all new buildings shall be nearly zero energy buildings by 2020.Solar energy is well-suited to use in buildings, and can supply electricity, lighting, heating, and cooling. Once installed, a solar energy system supplies energy without pollution, is silent, have few or no moving parts, and can also be integrated into the building itself. In order to do investigate how PV/T systems can best be used in buildings to minimize life cycle emissions, the systems have been studied both in terms of energy performance and in terms of greenhouse gas emissions.The main research method in this thesis has been simulation of solar energy systems in buildings. Using simulations, PV/T systems have been compared to other solar energy systems with separate PV modules and solar thermal collectors. The simulation studies were performed in the simulation programs Polysun and PVsyst, and were based on commercial solar energy products available on the current market. The use of heat pumps, air-source and ground-source, in combination with solar energy systems was also studied.Two case buildings, the ZEB residential concept and the Living Lab, have been used in the simulation studies. The buildings are two of the pilot buildings of the Norwegian Research Centre for Zero Emission Buildings (the ZEB Centre). Both buildings are single family residential buildings located in Central or Southern Norway, and are designed to meet the Norwegian passive house requirements.The embodied emissions of the solar energy systems were determined using elements of life cycle assessments (LCA). A review of previous research found few studies of the environmental impact of PV/T modules, especially using industrially produced modules. The embodied emissions of such a PV/T module was therefore determined in this thesis, based on a combination of data from databases and information from module producers. The embodied emissions of the case buildings and the other solar energy systems studied were d...

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Section: ( 14 )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ( 14 )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The red scenario is the least ambitious of the scenarios, and includes only low-tech developments of traditional, mostly centralized energy sources [81]. Figure from [81].…”

Section: ( 14 )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ( 14 )mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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