Zooids and Extrazooidal Skeleton in the Order Trepostomata (Bryozoa)

Boardman, Richard S.; Buttler, Caroline J.

doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[1088:zaesit]2.0.co;2

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This suggests that the cystid exerts control over polypide formation in the Gymnolaemata (the zooecium size hypothesis; Harvell, ), while the polypide (and its possible absence) exerts control on cystid formation in other bryozoan taxa. The zooecium size hypothesis also operates in the other direction: abnormally large polypides (conjoined or double polypides) have been found only in enlarged cystids (Jebram, ; Harvell, ), and ‘macrozooids’ in Trepostomata may have contained larger polypides (Boardman & Buttler, ).…”

Section: Polymorphismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Extrazooidal spine‐like ‘stylets’ may also be present in stenolaemates, which unlike spines, possess a solid core enclosed by laminating sheaths (Blake, ; Boardman & Buttler, ). A few rare forms arise from zooidal boundaries [zooecial styles, exozonal styles (Boardman & Buttler, )], and should be considered autozooidal appendages instead of extrazooidal structures. Stylets may have supported tissues of confluent coeloms, facilitating interzooidal communication (Blake, ; Boardman, ).…”

Section: Kenozooids Autozooidal Appendages and Extrazooidal Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modularity is the mother of invention: a review of polymorphism in bryozoans

2018

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Modularity is a fundamental concept in biology. Most taxa within the colonial invertebrate phylum Bryozoa have achieved division of labour through the development of specialized modules (polymorphs), and this group is perhaps the most outstanding exemplar of the phenomenon. We provide a comprehensive description of the diversity, morphology and function of these polymorphs and the significance of modularity to the evolutionary success of the phylum, which has >21000 described fossil and living species. Modular diversity likely arose from heterogeneous microenvironmental conditions, and cormidia (repeated clusters of associated modules) are an emergent property of the cue thresholds governing zooid plasticity. Polymorphs in a colony have, during phylogeny, transitioned into associated non-zooidal structures (appendages), increasing colonial integration. While the level of module compartmentalization is important for the evolution of bryozoan polymorphism, it may be less influential for other colonial invertebrates.

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Section: Polymorphismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Kenozooids Autozooidal Appendages and Extrazooidal Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modularity is the mother of invention: a review of polymorphism in bryozoans

2018

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“…A similar coenchymal skeletal architecture exists in stromatoporoids (Nestor 1981). In several Paleozoic bryozoans such as the encrusting trepostomate Batostoma (Ross 1963;Boardman and Buttler 2005) spaces between zooids were taken up either by expansive mesopores that are horizontally strengthened by diaphragms (Fig. 9B) or by extrazooidal vesicular skeleton between autozooecia, as seen in cystoporate bryozoans (Fig.…”

Section: Habitat Expansion Onto Soft Substratementioning

confidence: 82%

The Reengineering of Reef Habitats During the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event

Kröger

Desrochers

Ernst

2017

PALAIOS

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Bryozoans, stromatoporoid sponges, and tabulate corals, all colonial metazoans with lamellar, encrusting growth forms, developed and simultaneously diversified during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE). After revisiting some classic Lower, Middle, and Upper Ordovician reef localities in Laurentia (Franklin Mountains, west Texas, Mingan Islands in eastern Canada, and Champlain Valley in northeastern United States) and Baltica (northern Estonia) and reviewing the literature, we demonstrate that during the Ordovician a newly emerging consortium of sheet-like bryozoans, stromatoporoid sponges, and tabulate corals locally bound together by microbes, automicrite, and cement and solidly rooted in sediment became the dominant reef-builders globally. The diversification of these sheet-like metazoans (SLM), however, clearly lagged behind the first appearance of their respective skeletal ancestors. Their habitat expansion can be exemplified as a case of simultaneous ecological fitting and 2 ecosystem engineering when the independently evolved shared traits were simultaneously coopted and became advantageous under globally different environmental conditions. This interaction led to the evolutionary diversification of colonial metazoans during the GOBE and to the expansion of novel reef habitats in previously soft-surface settings; a transformation that forever changed marine reefal ecosystems.

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“…In S. lineata and Leptotrypa minima, macrozooecia are associated with monticules where they are located close to the crests; these zooecia have a larger diameter than autozooecia and have been shown by Boardman and Buttler (2005) to have contained polypides. They contend that they may have been the locus of incurrents on monticules as suggested by Anstey (1981), but these findings are not backed up by studies of monticule dynamics elsewhere.…”

Section: Feeding Efficiencies and Motile Substratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epizoozoan Trepostome Bryozoans on Nautiloids from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of the Cincinnati Arch Region, U.S.A.: An Assessment of Growth, form, and Water Flow Dynamics

2014

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Spatiopora Ulrich, 1882 is a trepostome bryozoan that is found encrusting living orthoconic nautiloids in the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of North America, as do several other bryozoans. These epizoozoan bryozoans are characterized by possessing thin unilaminate zoaria with rows of elongate maculae, which may be monticulate and aligned coaxially to the host growth axis. These develop a distinctive linear shape in response to growing on a conical host, rather than as a response to channelized water flow along the host. Monticules increase in size and spacing adorally until a maximum inter-macular area is reached that results in a decline in surface water flow efficiency, and a new monticular line is inserted. Orthocones normally swam forward at lower velocities that enabled lophophore eversion and feeding, which would have been impossible at the higher speeds reached when the host jetted backwards during escape. Monticules reduced drag and turbulence acting on the orthocones which allowed for more efficient venting of bryozoan macular excurrents. Characteristic elliptical monticule growth continued even after death of the motile host. A Trypanites-bryozoan-orthoconic nautiloid association shows a complex biological and taphonomic relationship between these organisms.

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Zooids and Extrazooidal Skeleton in the Order Trepostomata (Bryozoa)

Cited by 8 publications

References 14 publications

Modularity is the mother of invention: a review of polymorphism in bryozoans

Modularity is the mother of invention: a review of polymorphism in bryozoans

The Reengineering of Reef Habitats During the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event

Epizoozoan Trepostome Bryozoans on Nautiloids from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of the Cincinnati Arch Region, U.S.A.: An Assessment of Growth, form, and Water Flow Dynamics

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