Protein C-Mannosylation is unique in that an α-mannose attaches directly to the indole C2 carbon atom of a Trp residue through a C-C bond. C-Mannosylation usually occurs at the first tryptophan in the consensus amino acid sequence Trp-x-x-Trp (W-x-x-W) through an enzymatic reaction with a specific mannosyltransferase, which has yet to be identified. Most substrates for C-mannosylation are part of either the thrombospondin type-1 repeat (TSR) superfamily or cytokine receptor family, suggesting a functional role for C-mannosylation in specific substrates. Site-directed mutagenesis in the W-x-x-W motif has revealed C-mannosylation to be important in the folding or targeting of substrate proteins, such as mucins and ADAMTS-like 1, in the cell. Furthermore, using chemically synthesized C-mannosylated TSR-derived peptides, Hsc70 was identified as a protein bound to C-mannosylated peptides, and the interaction enhanced the TNF-α-producing signaling by Hsc70 in macrophage-like cells. These recent findings suggest that the C-mannosylation of specific target proteins plays pivotal functional roles in the cell.©2011 FCCA (Forum: Carbohydrates Coming of Age)RNase, an acceptor substrate for C-mannosylation, in cultured cells transfected with an expression vector for several chimeric RNase genes. The precursor donor of the mannose in C-mannosylation was revealed to be dolichyl-P-mannose, in that the uptake of [ 3 H]-mannose into hybrid RNase 2.4 was apparently suppressed in gene-transfected CHO Lec15 cells (9), in which dolichyl-P-mannose synthesis is impaired. A defect of C-mannosylation was also observed in Lec35 cells (10), in which dolichyl-P-mannose utilization was impaired. In addition, the activity was estimated in vitro by measuring the uptake of [ 3 H]-mannose from dolichyl-P-[ 3 H]-mannose into a peptide containing the W-x-x-W motif (i.e., N-Acetyl-KPPQFAWAQWFE-NH 2 ). In the assay, no uptake of [ 3 H]mannose into the substrate was detected when GDP-[ 3 H]mannose was used as a precursor. Taken together, these results support that dolichyl-P-mannose is a direct donor for C-mannosylation.The availability of dolichyl-P-mannose is thought important to be different types of glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), including N-glycosylation, the GPI-anchor 's formation, O-mannosylation, and C-mannosylation (11). Recently, a unique clinical phenotype of a mild muscular dystrophy with dilated cardiomyopathy was reported to correlate with a mild defect of dolichyl-P-mannose due to DPM3 gene mutations (12). In the disorder, O-mannosylation of α-dystroglycan is severely abrogated, and the most dominant factor determining clinical outcome. On the other hand, a mild influence was observed on C-mannosylation, N-glycosylation, and formation of the GPI-anchor in the patients. This study suggests that C-mannosylation reaction is not so sensitive to the availability of dolychil-P-mannose in the cell.C -M a n n o s y l t r a n s f e r a s e a c t i v i t y i s p r e s e n t i n Caenorhabditis elegans, amphibians, birds, and mam...