Отношение К Гомосексуалам В России: Содержание, Структура И Предикторы

Abstract

Despite the growth of negative attitudes to homosexuals in Russia the research into this topic has been extremely scarce. Based on the analysis of social discourse, we have created a pool of items and undertaken three empirical studies aimed to develop and validate the Russian Attitudes to Homosexuals Inventory (RAHI) and investigate the associations of homophobic attitudes with a range of demographic and psychological variables. In Study 1 we used an online sample (N = 1,007) and explored the structure of the item pool, finding 8 factors, 5 of which referred to different dimensions of perceived threat of homosexuals (to individuals, morals, society, Russian culture, and heterosexual lifestyle) and 3 described social strategies directed at homosexuals (criminal punishment, medical treatment, and discrimination vs. protection). The scales were highly reliable (␣ = .82-.91) and formed a single second-order dimension, labelled general index of homophobia. Negative attitudes to homosexuals were stronger in males, religious respondents, and those heterosexuals who denied having experienced any feelings of same-sex attraction in their life. In Study 2 (paper-based sample, N = 292) we cross-validated the second-order structure of the RAHI. Using hierarchical multiple regression we found that homophobia was positively predicted by authoritarianism and negatively predicted by experience of same-sex attraction and social contact with homosexuals as friends. We also found weaker positive associations of homophobia with religiosity, social identification with gender, masculinity, extraversion, and social desirability, as well as a negative association with openness. In Study 3 we used contrast groups of neutral and anti-homosexual online community members (N = 330 and N = 107) to check the criterion validity of the RAHI. The findings are in line with the existing body of research from other countries, but reveal the culturally-specific features of the content of Russian homophobia (e.g., homosexuality is viewed as a result of Western influence). The RAHI emerged as a valid and reliable tool, which can be used for future Russian-language studies.

Perceived Threat of Homosexuals in Indonesia: Construct, Measurement, and Correlates

“…People perception of homosexuals threats in this study has some similarities with Gulevich et al (2016) findings in Russian context. Russian people also considered homosexuals as a threat to the morality, deviating from the social norm, cannot be morally justified, and challenges the values and culture of society.…”

“…Another finding of this study that indicated no relationship between sex and perceived threat of homosexuals seems to be similar with Manalastas et al (2017) findings which showed that there was no difference in homonegativity by sex in Indonesia, Singapore, and Thailand. For the future research, it will be more interesting to use gender identity rather than sex as a predictor, because previous studies have shown that prejudice against homosexuals is generally found in men whose traditional masculine identification is very high (Gulevich et al, 2016). Homosexuals that are not in harmony with the standard role of masculinity will trigger anxiety and feeling threatened.…”

“…Individuals with higher ingroup identity are likely to experience more perceived threats than individuals with lower ingroup identity. And because homosexuals often do not conform to the rigid standards set by traditional gender roles, they provoke anxiety in males who strongly identify with heterosexual gender roles (Gulevich, Osin, Isaenko, & Brainis, 2016).…”

“…Ingroup members who are relatively unfamiliar with outgroup tend to be prone to experience threats than who knows each other (Gulevich et al, 2016;Stephan et al, 2016). If the ingroup has more positive experience with the outgroup, the outgroup is likely to be evaluated as threatening (Ngwayuh, 2017).…”

“…A perceived threat of homosexuals scale that have been developed by Clifton (2011), but this scales focusses only perceived threat of same-sex marriage. Another related scale was developed by Gulevich et al (2016;, but the scale was developed to measure such perceptions among Russians, and may not be appropriate to capture perceived threats as experienced by Indonesians. We did not find any related scale developed and used in similar Asian societies, and the study was motivated by the understanding that the availability of such a scale might help better understand negative attitudes towards homosexuals in the Indonesian region.…”