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A new regime of runaway discharges has been found in TCABR (Tokamak Chauffage Alfvén Brésilien). This regime is obtained by initiating the discharge with low filling pressure and, after the initial current rise, maintaining a large filling rate. The line density reaches a maximum value around 2 × 10 19 m −3 , during the current ramp-up phase, and then drops by a factor of around four in the quasi-stationary phase of the discharge, when a new regime is achieved. The most distinctive features of this regime, as compared to 'conventional' runaway discharges reported in the literature, are (i) maintenance of the runaway discharge, with the plasma current almost entirely provided by the runaway beam, in a cold background plasma and with strong neutral gas injection; (ii) enhancement of the relaxation instability with strong spikes in the Hα emission and loop voltage correlated with sawtooth relaxation of the line density; and (iii) plasma detachment from the limiter. A simple phenomenological model, based upon straightforward particle and energy balance calculations, is proposed to explain the experimental observations. According to this model, the plasma is rather cold and the short pulses of gas ionization and the related density spikes are due to sudden plasma heating caused by the relaxation instability. Furthermore, it seems that the runaway generation for the conditions of the experiments can be explained only if the secondary generation process is invoked.

Supporting information FTIR data (KBr, cm -1 ) [Eu(TTA) 3 (Bpy-Si)]: 3 431 υ as (NH); 3 090 υ as (CH); 1 627 υ s (C=O); 1 578, 1 520, 1 υ(C=C, C=S); 1 357 υ as (C-F); 682 δ(C-F); 456 υ(Eu-(Bpy-Si)); 1 578 υ(C=C, C=N ring), 1 υ(Si-C); 1 089 υ(Si-O-C); 962 δ(Si-O) and 790 δ(CH ar ). [Ga(TTA) 3 (Bpy-Si)] 3 410 υas(NH); 3 090 υ as (CH); 1 654 υ s (C=O); 1 578, 1 520, 1 υ(C=C, C=S); 1 358 υ as (C-Cl); 680 δ(C-Cl); 456 υ(Gd-L). DRIFT SiO 2 -[Eu(TTA) 3 (Bpy-Si)] and SiO 2meso -[Eu(TTA) 3 (Bpy-Si)]: 2980 ν as (CH 2 ,CH 3 ); 2 ν s (CH 2 ,CH 3 ), 1 629 υ(C=O); 1414 υ(C=C, C=S); 1238-1050 υ(Si-C) , υ(Si-O),υ(Si-O-C); δ(Si-O-Si) and 796 δ(Si-O-C). SiO 2 @[Eu(TTA) 3 (Bpy-Si)]: 2 980 ν as (CH 2 ,CH 3 ); 2 878 ν s (CH 2 ,CH 3 ), 1 640 υ(C=O); 1 υ(C=C + C=S); 1 230-1 050 υ(Si-C), υ(Si-O), υ(Si-O-C); 950 δ(Si-O-Si) and 800 δ(Si-O-C).

Abstract:With the fast growth of cancer research, new analytical methods are needed to measure anticancer drugs. This is usually accomplished by using sophisticated analytical instruments.Biosensors are attractive candidates for measuring anticancer drugs, but currently few biosensors can achieve this goal. In particular, it is challenging to have a general method to monitor various types of anticancer drugs with different structures. In this work, a biosensor was developed to detect anticancer drugs by modifying carbon paste electrodes with glutathione-s-transferase (GST) enzymes. GST is widely studied in the metabolism of xenobiotics and is a major contributing factor in resistance to anticancer drugs. The measurement of anticancer drugs is based on competition between 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and the drugs for the GST enzyme in the electrochemical potential at 0.1 V vs Ag/AgCl by square wave voltammetry (SWV) or using a colorimetric method. The sensor shows a detection limit of 8.8 M cisplatin and exhibits relatively long life time in daily measurements.

Wavelet spectrum and bispectrum techniques are applied to study the development of temporal turbulence induced by a confinement toroidal magnetic field in a toroidal magnetoplasma created by radio frequency waves. For low magnetic fields the plasma is roughly uniform and the analyzed electrostatic linear frequency spectra are essentially determined by the driven radio frequencies. However, by increasing the toroidal magnetic field, gradients in the plasma radial profiles and broader frequency spectra are observed. Thus, spectral components with frequencies higher than those injected in the plasma are excited. Moreover, this variation of magnetic field also induces nonlinear phase coupling between low frequency coherent peaks and continuous high frequency spectral components.