In the multiple cropping systems used for bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in Latin America, seed treatment is often needed for control of soil pathogens and pests, but can be incompatible with Rhizobium inoculation. This study looks at the interaction between Rhizobium and seed protectant. One laboratory and three field studies are reported. The survival of R. phaseoli on bean seeds treated with PCNB, thiram, or captan was measured under laboratory conditions using standard serial dilution and plate count techniques. At Popayan, Colombia (typic dristandept, pH 4.8) the nodulation and nodule development of bean seeds treated with PCNB, thiram, captan, and furadan was evaluated, and different inoculation methods, including a granular soil applied inoculant, compared. Nodulation of beans protected with PCNB or thiram, and inoculated with seed or soil‐applied rhizobia was also studied at La Selva, Colombia (typic dristandept, pH 5.1). While contact with PCNB, thiram or captan on seeds reduced Rhizobium survival, with captan most toxic, PCNB‐treated seeds maintained counts of l03 rhizobia/g seed until almost 48 hours after inoculation. Field results demonstrated the delicate balance between inoculant and seed protectant. At Popayan, nodule number/plant was not affected when thiram, furadan, or PCNB‐treated seeds were inoculated and promptly planted, but delay between inoculation and planting did reduce the nodulation of seeds protected with PCNB or thiram. At La Selva, all fungcide treatments lowered nodule number/plant. Seed protection with PCNB enhanced nodule development at Popayan and reduced root rot incidence at La Selva. Despite the somewhat acid soil conditions the best nodulation at both Popayan and La Selva was attained with granular soil‐applied inoculants. Further studies on this method of inoculation for beans are warranted.
Las redes de niebla han sido utilizadas como un método importante para realizar inventarios de aves en varios hábitats neotropicales, pero su efectividad con respecto a otros métodos como los puntos de conteo, no ha sido evaluada extensivamente. Este trabajo compara la efectividad de las redes de niebla y del método de puntos de conteo en la determinación de la diversidad de aves en un bosque montano de los Andes centrales de Colombia. Durante 6 meses en un bosque montano del departamento de Quindío, con un esfuerzo de captura de 2630 horas red se registraron 608 individuos de 81 especies. Con el método de puntos de conteo encontraron 106 especies. Sin embargo, 31 especies fueron detectadas solo por capturas en redes. La mayor tasa de captura ocurrió durantelas primeras horas de la mañana y al medio día (06:00-09:00 h y de 12:00-13:00h) mientras que en la tarde la tasa de captura disminuyó. Concluimos que por el método de puntos de conteo existe una mayor probabilidad en llevar a cabo un inventario representativo en menos tiempo, por otro lado el papel de las redes en los inventarios se consideraría complementario, siendo su uso necesario para conseguir otros tipos de información, como mediciones morfológicas, indicios de reproducción y muda.
This chapter addresses Hispanic college students' matriculation at Regis University through its Dual Language Program. It covers the inception of this program through completion, describing each phase of the program, its structure, staff, and partnerships, as well as the students' development, struggles, and successes. The research presents new data for Hispanic undergraduate and graduate students in a bilingual setting, resulting in the funneling of new bilingual culturally competent professionals in this diverse and increasingly global world. It also provides recommendations for future research.
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