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We study a seasonally recurrent cyclone and related cloud phenomena observed on Mars at L s 120°, latitude~60°N, and longitude 90°W from images obtained with cameras in different spacecraft between 1995 and 2018. A remarkable double cyclone formed in 2012 and we present a detailed study of its dynamics using images from Mars Express and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter obtained between 6 June and 9 July. A double cyclone was also observed in 2006 and 2008. In other Martian years the primary cyclone showed an annular cloud morphology with a large water ice cloud observed eastward of it. The cyclones have a size of~600-800 km with a cloud-free core of a radius~100-300 km. Tangential velocities measured from cloud tracking in 2012 images are~5-20 m/s À1 at 10-km altitude and double cyclone moved eastward with a velocity of 4 m/s À1 during its lifetime of one month. The vortices grow in the morning hours, but with the increasing insolation as the sol progresses, a part of the clouds evaporate, the winds weaken, and the vortices lose coherence. This phenomenon forms under high-temperature gradients in a region with a large north-south topographic slope and has been recurrent each Martian year between 1995 and 2018. We argue the interest of studying its changing properties each Martian year in order to explore their possible relationship to the state of the Martian atmosphere at L s~1 20°. Plain Language SummaryWe study a remarkable annular vortex observed some years to be formed by two coupled cyclones that grow every Martian northern summer at the same longitude and latitude of the planet. Each vortex has a size of 700 km and its center is a cloud-free area with a radius of about 200 km. The vortex is formed by water ice clouds at about 10-km altitude where the winds blow with speeds of 5 to 20 m/s. The clouds grow in the morning hours and sublimate as the vortex weakens with increasing insolation. Dynamical models show that the vortex forms in a region with a large north-south terrain slope that combines with north-south temperature gradient. The study mainly uses images taken in 2012, but a survey shows that the vortex recurrently forms every Martian year between 1995 and 2018. This vortex system can be used as a proxy, studying its variability, to characterize the state of the atmosphere at the time of its formation.

Hydraulic fracturing is a well stimulation treatment that has been around since the 1940s, becoming more popular in recent years because of the unconventional hydraulic fracturing boom in North America. Between the 1990s and 2000s, the oil and gas industry found an effective way to extract hydrocarbons from formations that were previously uneconomical to produce. Consolidated unconventional formations such as shale and other tight rocks can now be artificially fractured to induce connectivity among the pores containing hydrocarbons, enabling them to easily flow into the wellbore for recovery at the surface. The method of fracturing unconventional reservoirs requires a large amount of surface equipment, continuously working to stimulate the multiple stages perforated along the horizontal section of the shale formation. The operations normally happen on a single or multi-wells pad with several sets of perforations fractured by using the zipper-fracturing methodology (Sierra & Mayerhofer, 2014). Compared with conventional hydraulic fracturing, the surface equipment must perform for extended pump time periods with only short stops for maintenance and replacement of damaged components. This paper addresses improvements made to the fracturing fluid delivery systems as an alternative to the fracturing iron traditionally used in fracture stimulation services. The improvement aims to enhance equipment reliability and simplify surface setup while reducing surface friction pressure during the hydraulic fracturing treatment.

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