Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a chronic condition characterized by repeated breathing pauses during sleep. The reported prevalence of SDB in the general population has increased over time. Furthermore, in the literature, a distinction is made between SDB, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and “OSA syndrome” (OSAS). Patients with SDB are at increased risk of comorbid cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The aim of the ARKHsleep study was to assess the prevalence of SDB in general and of OSA and OSAS in particular. A total of 1050 participants aged 30–70 years, who were randomly selected from a population register, were evaluated for the probability of SDB using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale score and body mass index. Sleep was recorded for one night via home sleep apnea testing (Somnolter®). Medical conditions were determined from medical records. Additional data included background characteristics, anthropometric variables, blood pressure, and scores from four questionnaires. The survey sample consisted of 41.2% males and had a mean age of 53.1 ± 11.3 years. The prevalence of mild-to-severe, moderate-to-severe, and severe SDB was 48.9% [45.8–51.9], 18.1% [15.9–20.6], and 4.5% [3.2–5.8], respectively. Individuals reporting snoring or breathing pauses had a higher severity of SDB than individuals free of symptoms. The ARKHsleep study revealed a high burden of both SDB and CVD; however, more large-scale cohort studies and intervention studies are needed to better understand whether the early recognition and treatment of mild SDB with or without symptoms will improve cardiovascular prognosis and/or quality of life.

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is characterized by repeated breathing pauses during sleep. The prevalence of SDB varies widely between studies. Some longitudinal studies have found an association of SDB with incident or recurrent cardiovascular events. We sought to systematically describe the current data on the correlation between SDB and cardiovascular pathology. Studies were included if they were original observational population-based studies in adults with clearly diagnosed SDB. The primary outcomes include all types of cardiovascular pathology. We carried out pooled analyses using a random effects model. Our systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines for systematic reviews and was registered with PROSPERO. In total, 2652 articles were detected in the databases, of which 76 articles were chosen for full-text review. Fourteen studies were focused on samples of an unselected population, and 8 studies were focused on a group of persons at risk for SDB. In 5 studies, the incidence of cardiovascular pathology in the population with SDB was examined. In total, 49 studies described SDB in patients with cardiovascular pathology. We found an association between SDB and prevalent /incident cardiovascular disease (pooled OR 1.76; 95% CI 1.38–2.26), and pooled HR (95% CI 1.78; 95% CI 1.34–2.45). Notably, in patients with existing SDB, the risk of new adverse cardiovascular events was high. However, the relationship between cardiovascular disease and SDB is likely to be bidirectional. Thus, more large-scale studies are needed to better understand this association and to decide whether screening for possible SDB in cardiovascular patients is reasonable and clinically significant.

The prolonged availability of seafarers on board of water vehicle during voyages forms the features of professional labor activity. When assessing the medical and sanitary situation of life and vital activity of the crew on board a ship, it is necessary to take into account a set of conditions that are integrated into a single notion — «ship environment ». The ship’s environment affects the personnel’s body for the entire period while people are on the voyage. It can cause changes in the state of health. The article presents a review of the literature devoted to the study of the influence of climatic and geographical factors accompanying maritime labor. Natural factors occupy a significant share among the large effects of the ship’s environment that affect the health of seafarers and, accordingly, their ability to work. Among them, the greatest contribution is made by temperature, physico-chemical properties of air, photoperiodic fluctuations. The homeostatic systems of the seafarers ‘ body are very closely dependent on the natural situation of the seas. These conditions impose high requirements and can cause the development of premorbid and pathological conditions. To ensure the protection of the health and working capacity of the crew, it is necessary to study the influence of external factors. The main directions for ensuring the safety and strengthening of the health of seafarers are: forecasting and prevention of health disorders, prenosological diagnostics and timely medical support, rehabilitation measures in the post-voyage period.