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AimTo evaluate the in vivo antibacterial efficacy of 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX), 2% chitosan (CS) gel and their combination as an intracanal medicament against Enterococcus faecalis during endodontic retreatment procedure, with the use of qPCR.MethodA total of 45 single rooted permanent teeth were selected from 28 systemically healthy patients (mean age of 43 years). After complete disinfection and access opening as well as gutta-percha (GP) removal, the first microbiological pretreatment sample (S1) was collected. After completion of instrumentation, a post-instrumentation sample (S2) was taken and the teeth were randomly divided into three experimental groups: 2% CHX gel; 2% CS gel; 2% CHX with CS; Fuji IX glass ionomer cement was used to seal the access; after 7 days, the post medication sample (S3) was collected and E. faecalis was quantified using qPCR.ResultsMaximum reduction in bacterial mean CFU (×106) counts was observed between S1 and S2; S2 and S3; S1 and S3 in 2% CHX with chitosan group compared to other groups. Percentage reduction in CFU (×106) counts at different time intervals (S1-S2; S2-S3; S1-S3) was maximum for the 2% CHX with the chitosan group. Comparison of the mean CFU (×106) count within the 2% CHX gel group and the 2% CHX with chitosan group at different time intervals (S1,S2,S3) was found to be highly significant (P = 0.001); whereas in group II, it was significant (P = 0.002).Conclusion2% CHX with chitosan group showed the highest microbial reduction against E. faecalis during retreatment of failed endodontic cases.

Aims:The aim of this study was to estimate the pH of saliva, concentration of calcium and inorganic phosphate, and calculus formation before and after usage of Recaldent® (GC Tooth Mousse Plus™), Functionalized Tricalcium Phosphate (3M ESPE ClinPro™ Tooth Crème) and standard dentifrice (Colgate dental cream).Settings and Design:Randomized double-blind study.Materials and Methods:A total of 50 subjects were recruited, the subjects were assessed at their first visit, on the 21st day and on the 42nd day. At the first visit, scaling was carried out and oral hygiene instructions were given. After 21 days, the subjects were given coded dentifrices where the operator and the subjects both were unaware of the type of dentifrice. Clinical parameters assessed were Plaque index, Gingival index, and Calculus index. Salivary samples were obtained to measure calcium, phosphate levels, and pH at 21st day and 42nd day.Statistical Analysis:ANOVA test, t-test, Mann–Whitney test, Kruskal–Wallis test.Results:The mean salivary calcium level and mean salivary phosphate level were higher in Group III (functionalized tricalcium phosphate (3M ESPE ClinPro™ Tooth Creme) as compared to Group II (Recaldent® GC Tooth Mousse Plus™) and Group I (Colgate dental cream) on the 42nd day after using dentifrices, which was statistically significant. This showed that the usage of remineralizing dentifrices led to an increase in the salivary calcium, phosphate, and pH but it did not reach the level of super saturation of the ions caused by elevated pH which could lead to calculus formation.Conclusions:Thought here was a statistically significant increase in salivary calcium and phosphate level in all three groups from baseline to 42nd day, there was no calculus formation.

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Dental Implants have gained popularity over the years and are increasingly becoming the choice of treatment. Different clinical situations are often encountered where modifications have to be considered in order to achieve successful rehabilitation. One of the challenges faced includes non-availability of sufficient space for conventional implants. Here, we present 2 case reports of patients with over two year follow up using one piece implant.