AimTo evaluate the in vivo antibacterial efficacy of 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX), 2% chitosan (CS) gel and their combination as an intracanal medicament against Enterococcus faecalis during endodontic retreatment procedure, with the use of qPCR.MethodA total of 45 single rooted permanent teeth were selected from 28 systemically healthy patients (mean age of 43 years). After complete disinfection and access opening as well as gutta-percha (GP) removal, the first microbiological pretreatment sample (S1) was collected. After completion of instrumentation, a post-instrumentation sample (S2) was taken and the teeth were randomly divided into three experimental groups: 2% CHX gel; 2% CS gel; 2% CHX with CS; Fuji IX glass ionomer cement was used to seal the access; after 7 days, the post medication sample (S3) was collected and E. faecalis was quantified using qPCR.ResultsMaximum reduction in bacterial mean CFU (×106) counts was observed between S1 and S2; S2 and S3; S1 and S3 in 2% CHX with chitosan group compared to other groups. Percentage reduction in CFU (×106) counts at different time intervals (S1-S2; S2-S3; S1-S3) was maximum for the 2% CHX with the chitosan group. Comparison of the mean CFU (×106) count within the 2% CHX gel group and the 2% CHX with chitosan group at different time intervals (S1,S2,S3) was found to be highly significant (P = 0.001); whereas in group II, it was significant (P = 0.002).Conclusion2% CHX with chitosan group showed the highest microbial reduction against E. faecalis during retreatment of failed endodontic cases.

Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of manual versus mechanical glide path (GP) on the surface changes of two different nickel-titanium rotary instruments used during root canal therapy in a moderately curved root canal.Materials and Methods:Sixty systemically healthy controls were selected for the study. Controls were divided randomly into four groups: Group 1: Manual GP followed by RaCe rotary instruments, Group 2: Manual GP followed by HyFlex rotary instruments, Group 3: Mechanical GP followed by RaCe rotary instruments, Group 4: Mechanical GP followed by HyFlex rotary instruments. After access opening, GP was prepared and rotary instruments were used according to manufacturer's instructions. All instruments were evaluated for defects under standard error mean before their use and after a single use. The scorings for the files were given at apical and middle third.Statistical Analysis Used:Chi-squared test was used.Results:The results showed that there is no statistical difference between any of the groups. Irrespective of the GP and rotary files used, more defects were present in the apical third when compared to middle third of the rotary instrument.Conclusion:Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that there was no effect of manual or mechanical GP on surface defects of subsequent rotary file system used.

Aim:To evaluate the bacterial microleakage across remaining Gutta-percha in teeth prepared for post space with and without the use of an intracanal glass ionomer barrier.Materials and Methods:Forty freshly extracted intact human mandibular premolars with single canal were instrumented, obturated with Gutta-percha and AH plus sealer and post spaces were created. Teeth were assigned into experimental groups as follows: Group I – 3 mm of Gutta-percha, Group II – 4 mm of Gutta-percha, Group III – 3 mm of Gutta-percha with 1 mm of Vitrebond as barrier, Group IV – 4 mm of Gutta-percha with 1mm of Vitrebond as barrier. The roots were suspended in Rogosa SL broth and 50 μl of lyophilized Lactobacilli Casei was inoculated as the microbial marker. The mean days taken for the broth to turn turbid were tabulated. The values were statistically analyzed using one way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test.Results:At the end of 64 days, the mean and standard deviation of the number of days for the broth to turn turbid was: Group I – 20.50, (SD - 3.96). Group II – 25.43, (SD - 4.83), Group III – 38.63, (SD - 9.36), and Group IV – 53.50, (SD - 11.15)Conclusion:Vitrebond could be used as an intracanal barrier to provide a superior coronal seal in teeth requiring post and core.

in vivo evaluation of synergistic effect of chitosan and its combination with CHX as intracanal medicament against the resistant bacteria like E,faecalis will have important clinical implications in nonsurgical endodontiv retreatment. Hence, the aim of this clinical study is to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine and its combination with chitosan as intracanal medicament in response to E. faecalis in retreatment cases. Materials and Methods Thirty patients between 19-65 years of age requiring root canal retreatment were selected for the study. All selected teeth were single rooted which were symptomatic or asymptomatic and had history of root canal treatment and showed periapical radiolucency upto 4mm. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional ethical committee. All patients were explained about the treatment procedure and informed consent was taken. The selected tooth was isolated with a rubber dam. The crown and surrounding rubber dam were disinfected with 30% hydrogen peroxide for 30s followed by vigorous swabbing of 3% sodium hypochlorite solution. Subsequently 5% sodium thiosulfate was used to inactivate the disinfectant. Access preparation was done with a sterile Endo access