The study assessed the physical development of rural and urban children aged of 7-10 years in the Altai Territory for somatometric and physiometric indices (height, body weight, chest circumference, vital capacity of lungs, dynamometry, arterial pressure). Somatometric indices of the physical development in rural children of primary school level have been established to be statistically significantly higher than similar indices of urban children in boys and girls. The evaluation of physiometric indices in groups of rural and urban children revealed another trend. Indices of the right-hand muscle strength, the vital capacity of lungs, arterial pressure (systolic and diastolic) by 10 years in urban children begins to exceed these indices of rural peers. The revealed differences in the physical development of rural and urban children show a different combination and a share of the influence of environmental factors on the schoolchildren’s organism.

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In the rural population, died people were revealed more often to be of working age, the diagnosis to them statistically significantly more often was established after the death by the doctor, just has attested the death, and by the doctor-pathologist. By comparing the results obtained with the incidence rate, we came to the conclusion that in the rural population there is decreased the quality of diagnosis of chronic viral hepatitides, that leads to the upsurge of the hidden sources of infection.

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We assessed the main anthropometric indicators of physical development (height, body weight and chest circumference) in primary school children living and studying in the city and their peers living and studying in the countryside. We carried out children's medical records analysis with an assessment of health groups structure. It has been established that the physical development indicators in primary school rural children are statistically significantly higher than those of urban children in both boys and girls. Chronic diseases are more common among urban children aged 7–10 years. The obtained results confirm the need for a special approach to physical development assessing of children and adolescents living in cities and the countryside, as well as the need to develop preventive measures aimed at improving and preserving the children health.