Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a neurobehavioral disorder of childhood onset that is characterized by motor and vocal tics and associated behavioral disturbances including obsessive-compulsive symptoms. We performed 30 channel quantitative electroencephalograms (EEGs) on 13 Tourette patients and 26 controls and studied both resting and manumotor/music perception activation conditions. Resting EEGs did not show any differences between patients and controls, as known from the literature. However, during simple and complex hand movements, as well as music perception tasks, there were subtle differences predominantly in alpha frequency. They suggested reduced brain activation during motor tasks in frontal and central regions, and on music perception in temporal and parietal regions, respectively. These findings may add evidence to the functional neuroanatomy of Tourette syndrome, affecting more areas than disturbed motor circuits.

The association between pain and inflammation and certain clinical signs led physicians to suspect a connection between immunological mechanisms and headache syndromes even years ago.This review intends to give an overview of the literature which deals with immunological mechanisms in headache syndromes -with divergent results.Thus, a food allergy as a cause of migraine only seems to be relevant in a few isolated cases.Immunoglobulins or infections do not seem to play a role.Whether the complement system, auto-antibodies, immune cells or cytokines are involved in migraine pathophysiology, still remains to be determined.With regards to cluster headache, a participation of the immune system seems more probable.Although a systemic vasculitis or auto-antibodies probably do not contribute to cluster headache pathophysiology, reports of an immune activation, especially of T-cells, predominate the literature. Nevertheless, the evidence for an immunogenically triggered cluster attack is still lacking.In summary, only a mutual modulation of the immune and the pain system can be assumed with certainty.

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Patients with lesions of the prefrontal cortex as a result of frontal brain tumors (intra- and extra-axial) can show impairments of executive functions 1 2 3 4. Although there are a large number of psychological tests, the detection of impairments of relevant everyday executive functions in these patients is still extremely difficult. In 30 patients with lesions of the prefrontal cortex, the executive functions were tested with the Behavioral Assessment of Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) and 21 patients were also followed up postoperatively. Additionally, if possible, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), a widely used executive function test, and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) for general cognitive performance were conducted. Pre- and postoperatively, a total of 16 patients were followed up with all three tests. The aim was to investigate the neuropsychological assessment pre- and postoperatively, to evaluate it in terms of deficits and changes in performance and to ensure that no new relevant everyday cognitive deficits arose. Preoperatively, only one patient, who could not be tested post-surgery, showed a reduced overall profile value in the BADS.  In all tested patients, there was no evidence of deterioration of cognitive status 8 - 12 weeks postoperatively. Further investigations using fMRI should be used to clarify whether the results obtained should be interpreted as neuroplastic adaptations of prefrontal cognitive functions or as a failure to detect deficits due to a lack of sensitivity of the tests used.

Headache Society (IHS) neben den primären, ,,idiopathischen" Formen sekundäre, symptomatische unterscheidet. Die bisher in der Literatur beschriebenen Untersuchungen sowie die von der wissenschaftlichen Fachgesellschaft vertretene Meinung gehen von einem positiven Effekt von regelmaigem Ausdauersport, z.B. Schwimmen, Rad fahren, Jogging, auf die Häufigkeit von Migraneattacken und Spannungskopfschmerz aus. Em regelhafter therapeutischer Einfluss auf gerade bestehende Kopfschmerzen (z. B. Migraneattacke) wird nicht gesehen. Selten kann Sport auch Kopfschmerzen bedingen, einerseits als Trigger bei bestehender Veranlagung (z.B. Migräne nach Traumen bei Kontaktsportarten) oder als so genannter Anstrengungskopfschmerz.