An incomplete skeleton especially skull is a great challenge for Forensic anthropologists for age & sex estimation. But sometimes denser bones are often recovered intact eg. zygomatic bone, maxillary sinus. Therefore this study tries to use the alternate methods for gender estimation by using measurements of denser areas of such unknown skull especially bizygomatic distance.The aim of this study was to investigate whether the bizygomatic distance, AP diameter & width of the maxillary sinus & intermaxillary distance could be used for determination of gender using CT scan. 191 cases were studied, from M.P. region, of which 106 were males and 85 were females. All the measurements were taken from series of CT Head images in axial images on DICOM viewing software in computer.The data was statistically analyzed by using Graph pad prism.Unpaired Student t-test was carried out and calculated for each data separately. Analysis of variance was also done & F-value were calculated. A statistically significant difference with p<0.0001 was observed in the bizygomatic distance with mean±SD of 9.55±0.41cm for male & 9.262±0.52 for female. The strongest correlated variable with bizygomatic distance was the intermaxillary distance (r = 0.3037) in male & AP diameter of sinus (r = 0.5980) in female.We can conclude that Computerized Tomography measurements of bizygomatic distance & maxillary sinus dimensions may be useful to support gender determination in forensic medicine when other methods are inconclusive.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine responsible for a variety of immune and non-immune stimulatory and regulatory functions, including the activation and stimulation of cytotoxic cells able to recognize and kill human tumour cells and T-cell proliferation and differentiation. We show that low doses of radiation, in the range commonly received by atomic radiation workers or as a result of minor medical diagnostic procedures (0.25 to 10 mGy), stimulate the expression of IL-2 receptors (IL-2R) on the surface of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) taken from normal human donors. This stimulated surface expression after in vitro irradiation is an indirect effect, resulting from the secretion into the medium of a soluble factor from the irradiated cells. This factor can also stimulate IL-2R surface expression in unirradiated cells. Consequently, radiation stimulation of IL-2R expression in a large population of PBL shows a triggered-type response rather than being proportional to dose. These results demonstrate that normal human cells can respond to doses of radiation in the range of common occupational or medical exposures. The data also demonstrate a possible defence mechanism against environmental stress by which a radiation-exposed cell can use an indirect signalling mechanism to communicate with and influence the biological processes in an unexposed cell.

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