Acid phosphatases of budding yeast have been studied for more than forty years. This paper covers biochemical characteristics of acid phosphatases and different aspects in expression regulation of eukaryotic genes, which were researched using acid phosphatases model. A special focus is devoted to cyclin-dependent kinase Pho85p, a negative transcriptional regulator, and its role in maintaining mitochondrial genome stability and to pleiotropic effects of pho85 mutations.

Fruit and berry crops, as well as grapes, are important parts of the human diet and, at the same time, significant objects of genetic, breeding, biochemical and nutritional research. Traditional approaches of crop research and improvement are now complemented by effective modern genetic technologies. In this review, we analyze and summarize the achievements in genome editing of fruit, berry crops and grapes. New approaches accelerate the improvement of genotypes for many groups of traits: plant resistance to unfavorable environmental factors, flowering and ripening time, plant architectonics, fruit shelf time and biochemical composition. Genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been successfully tested on the most important vegetatively propagated fruit and berry crops (apple, pear, orange, kumquat, grapefruit, banana, strawberry and kiwi) and grapes. About 30 genes of these crops have been used as targets for the introduction of desired mutations using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The most valuable results are the improvement of important agronomic traits. For 24 genes it has been shown that their knockout can result in the improvement of varieties. In addition, the review pays attention to the comparative analysis of the explant types of vegetatively propagated crops used for the delivery of editing genetic constructs, as well as the comparison of the editing efficiency depending on the variation of the objects used, delivery methods, etc. The article discusses the existing limitations that need to be overcome for a wider application of genomic editing in order to improve varieties of fruit and berry crops, as well as grapes.

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IntroductionLow temperatures and drought are two main environmental constraints reducing the yield and geographical distribution of horticultural crops worldwide. Understanding the genetic crosstalk between stress responses has potential importance for crop improvement.MethodsIn this study, Illumina RNA-seq and Pac-Bio genome resequencing were used to annotate genes and analyze transcriptome dynamics in tea plants under long-term cold, freezing, and drought.ResultsThe highest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was identified under long-term cold (7,896) and freezing (7,915), with 3,532 and 3,780 upregulated genes, respectively. The lowest number of DEGs was observed under 3-day drought (47) and 9-day drought (220), with five and 112 genes upregulated, respectively. The recovery after the cold had 6.5 times greater DEG numbers as compared to the drought recovery. Only 17.9% of cold-induced genes were upregulated by drought. In total, 1,492 transcription factor genes related to 57 families were identified. However, only 20 transcription factor genes were commonly upregulated by cold, freezing, and drought. Among the 232 common upregulated DEGs, most were related to signal transduction, cell wall remodeling, and lipid metabolism. Co-expression analysis and network reconstruction showed 19 genes with the highest co-expression connectivity: seven genes are related to cell wall remodeling (GATL7, UXS4, PRP-F1, 4CL, UEL-1, UDP-Arap, and TBL32), four genes are related to calcium-signaling (PXL1, Strap, CRT, and CIPK6), three genes are related to photo-perception (GIL1, CHUP1, and DnaJ11), two genes are related to hormone signaling (TTL3 and GID1C-like), two genes are involved in ROS signaling (ERO1 and CXE11), and one gene is related to the phenylpropanoid pathway (GALT6).DiscussionBased on our results, several important overlapping mechanisms of long-term stress responses include cell wall remodeling through lignin biosynthesis, o-acetylation of polysaccharides, pectin biosynthesis and branching, and xyloglucan and arabinogalactan biosynthesis. This study provides new insight into long-term stress responses in woody crops, and a set of new target candidate genes were identified for molecular breeding aimed at tolerance to abiotic stresses.