Aim. To describe the main stages of formation and development of one of the leading scientific and educative medical centers in Russia - Kazan State Medical University. Methods. Comparative historical analysis was applied. Results. The article depicts the main stages of university formation, main scientific interests and outstanding discoveries of the scientists representing Kazan medical school. The main attention is devoted to formation of the clinical education. The specific factors influencing the development of medical faculty of Kazan Emperor’s University and putting in new facilities, including anatomy theatre, laboratories of physiology, university hospital, the participation of medical scientists in foundation and development of leading spheres of public health and hygiene are showed. In this context, the impact of outstanding medical scientists of the second half of the XIX century representing Kazan medical school in development of basic medical sciences is described. The specific development of higher medical education in Kazan during social disasters associated with revolution of the beginning of XX century is characterized. The role of Kazan State Medical Institute in medical training and science development during the Second World War and post-war period is presented. The development of Kazan State Medical Institute (University) during second half of the XX century is described. Conclusion. The modern state of education and researches at Kazan State Medical University as the result of long-term efforts of consolidated team developing 200-year old educational and scientific traditions is described.

Авторское резюме Впервые реконструируются обстоятельства последних дней жизни и смерти известного российского правого политика В.М. Пуришкевича (1870-1920). Опираясь на новые источники, включая неизвестные ранее документы из личного архива Пуришкевича, сохранившегося в фондах библиотеки Свободного университета Брюсселя (Université Libre de Bruxelles), и публикации белогвардейской прессы, авторы опровергают бытующие в литературе мифы и вводят в научный оборот новые факты, позволяющие внести определенные коррективы в биографию политика. Особое внимание в статье уделено реакции общества на смерть Пуришкевича и тем оценкам, которые были даны ему в некрологах, опубликованных в белогвардейских газетах как правого, так и либерального направления. Самостоятельную ценность имеют впервые публикуемые фотографии из собрания библиотеки Свободного университета Брюсселя.

Abstract:The article presents the cause analysis of backwardness in the Russian export market of educational services. It discusses the problems of foreign postgraduate training in Russian universities. The statistical data on the distribution of foreign postgraduate students in Russia and TSTU is provided according to the areas of training. The authors suggest basic ways of increasing the effectiveness of foreign postgraduate training.

The aim of this study was conducting historiographical analysis of organizational bases of formation and development of prosthodontics in the Republic of Tatarstan, as one of the core dental specialties, along with therapeutic and surgical dentistry. Historico-genetic and comparative research methods were used. The reflection of the history of the prosthodontics departments development in Kazan State Dental Institute, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan State Medical University in the literature and archival materials is presented. The main scientific achievements and contribution to the practical activities of the departments’ heads (I.M. Oksman, L.M. Demner, M.Z. Mirgazizov) and staff are demonstrated. The article proves that studying various issues of dental disciplines development is a very promising field of the modern history of science. This is due to the fact that in the modern world, dentistry is undergoing qualitative changes as a science and practice, which makes the study of the historical aspects of its development significantly more relevant. Analysis of the formation and development of prosthodontics in Kazan suggests that unlike some other centers of national dentistry development in Kazan it had a well-organized framework. Thus, organized in 1936 Kazan State Dental Institute and the Department of Prosthodontics have made a significant contribution to the development of higher medical education in Kazan, the development of dental science and practice.

The introduction of the new University Charter and the era of large-scale reforms in the middle of the XIX century, the emergence of experimental methods of research, and at the same time, the remaining urgent issues of the spread of epidemic diseases made the opening of departments of hygiene acutely necessary. The process of formation and subsequent institutionalization of hygiene teaching as a discipline has not previously been comprehensively covered by researchers in Russian historiography. The possibility of identifying a number of unresolved systemically important tasks allowing to synthesize the main directions of the scientific study of the process of hygiene development in the historical and medical knowledge from an institutional perspective was realized in this article. The history of the organization of hygiene departments in Russia is the subject of many studies. And the publications of general historical medical monographs and textbooks often contain contradictory information that does not reflect some important details and peculiarities of the formation of the traditions of teaching this discipline, which were established in the second half of the XIX century. The result of the study was clarification of data on medical workers who became the first hygiene educators in Russia. It was determined that the regular teaching of hygiene as a separate discipline began in the second semester of the 18641865 academic year at the medical faculty of the Imperial Kazan University. The first teacher of hygiene in Russia was Professor of Kazan University Arkady Ivanovich Yakobii. It was also clarified that regular hygiene teaching at the Saint Petersburg Imperial Medico-Surgical Academy was established in November 1865. Ivan Maksimovich Sorokin was the first hygiene teacher at the Academy and the first head of the hygiene department. Alexey Petrovich Dobroslavin, who was previously considered the first head of the hygiene department, actually became the second head of the corresponding department, starting teaching only in 1872.