The calculation of aircraft cost is stated necessary to assess the economic feasibility of their operation, as well as in agriculture, the possibility of acquiring new ones, and to justify air transportation tariffs. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to substantiate the methodology and calculate the prime cost of using BAS-137 VIM unmanned aerial system for the application of pesticides, fertilizers and other agrochemicals. (Materials and methods) When developing the methodology for calculating the prime cost of using an unmanned aerial system for applying pesticides and fertilizers, the Guidelines for determining the cost of domestic and international flights for Russian airlines were used. (Results and discussion) We have obtained the main dependences of the prime cost of using BAS-137 VIM for the introduction of working fluids: on the application rate, the field rut length, the distance of approach to the refueling place, and the operating flight speed. (Conclusions) The authors developed a methodology for calculating the prime cost of using an unmanned aerial system for applying pesticides and fertilizers, including direct and indirect operating costs. It was found out that at the working fluid application rates of 5-100 liters per hectare, the changes in the cost of using BAS-137 VIM are within the range from 280.9 to 1315.5 rubles per hectare. At an application rate of 10 liters per hectare within the rut length of 0.3-2.0 kilometers, the application prime cost is 307.1-529.5 rubles per hectare. It was obtained that at the application rates of 5-20 liters per hectare and the rut length of 0.6-1.0 kilometers, the prime cost will be the lowest, within the range of 264-369 rubles per hectare at an operating flight speed of 60 kilometers per hour and within the range of 482-587 rubles per hectare at a flying speed of 30 kilometers per hour. It was shown that with a twofold increase in BAS-137 VIM operating speed, the prime cost decreases by 1.2-1.5 times.

Федеральный научный агроинженерный центр ВИМ, Москва, Российская Федерация Реферат. Цифровое сельское хозяйство предопределяет развитие роботизированных агротехнологий применения пестицидов и удобрений с использованием беспилотных авиационных систем, основу которых составляют беспилотные летательные аппараты с определенной полезной нагрузкой для мониторинга сельскохозяйственных угодий и внесения агрохимикатов. (Цель исследований) Разработать технологию дифференцированного внесения пестицидов и удобрений с помощью беспилотных летательных аппаратов в цифровом сельском хозяйстве. (Материалы и методы) В ходе работы использовали Методические рекомендации по применению средств химизации в системе точного земледелия (ВИМ), нормативно-техническую документацию на беспилотные авиационные системы. (Результаты и обсуждение) Показали, что разрабатываемая технология включает последовательное выполнение информационных и технологических операций в режимах off-line и оn-line. Установили, что норма внесения рабочей жидкости пестицидов 10-20 литров на гектар сокращает потери вследствие сноса из зоны обработки и обеспечивает наибольшую производительность внесения пестицидов с применением беспилотных летательных аппаратов. Определили, что производительность обработки поля возрастает с повышением длины гона и уменьшается с увеличением нормы расхода рабочей жидкости. Выявили рациональные значения длины гона-0,8-3,2 километра. Установили требования к качеству авиационного опрыскивания. Доказали, что для увеличения производительности беспилотных летательных аппаратов при подкормке растений необходимо использовать их с большой полезной нагрузкой-300-400 килограммов. (Выводы) Разработали технологию дифференцированного внесения пестицидов и удобрений с помощью беспилотных летательных аппаратов, алгоритмы подготовки аппаратов к полету, мониторинга сельскохозяйственных угодий, создания ортофотоплана полей, электронных карт вегетационных индексов, фитосанитарного состояния посевов, дифференцированного внесения пестицидов и удобрений. Ключевые слова: цифровое сельское хозяйство, точное земледелие, беспилотные летательные аппараты, пестициды, удобрения, дифференцированное внесение.

The technology of application of pesticides, fertilizers and other agrochemicals by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the precision farming system provides for differentiated treatment of agricultural fields with variable standards of pesticides and differentiated application of fertilizers. Existing UAVs do not provide differentiated fertilization of plants with fertilizers and differentiated treatment of plants with pesticides due to imperfect flow control systems and working fluid application rates. Substantiation of methods for regulating the flow rate and norms of working fluids of pesticides and fertilizers is based on the flow continuity equations, Bernoulli and the equation that determines the rate and dose of pesticides and fertilizers depending on the operational and technological parameters of the UAV. The paper shows that to differentiate the norms for applying the working fluid of pesticides and fertilizers, it is advisable to use methods for regulating the norms by changing the area of the outlet openings of sprayers and the step of their placement, while differentiating the norms can be carried out both by a combination of these methods and by including one or several standard sizes in the work of sprayers simultaneously.

This paper presents the results of a study of the Apple fruit recognition system on the crown of a tree based on the use of an artificial neural network (ANN). The article describes the process of conducting a multi-factor experiment to determine the relationship between the operating conditions of ANN: illumination, shooting distance, photo resolution, and determining their optimal parameters that allow obtaining the highest quality results. The obtained mathematical model reflects the relationship of such factors as illumination, distance to the object, shooting resolution and their influence on the reliability (accuracy) of object recognition in the photo. The optimal parameters of these factors are determined, at which the maximum value of recognition reliability of the desired objects is reached.

In this article the authors provide an economic assessment of the technology of using unmanned aircraft systems in digital agriculture and justify the optimal requirements for its main technological parameters. As a measure of comparative evaluation of various options for implementing the system, an estimate of the cost of performing the technological process of using pesticides, fertilizers and other agrochemicals in conditional price units is proposed. A multi-factor experiment was carried out and variants of a mathematical model describing the relationship between agrotechnological factors and the final resultant, expressed in the conditional cost of processing 1 Ha of agricultural land, were obtained. The optimal values of the parameters are obtained for various variants of fixing factors at the specified levels. The influence of the most significant agrotechnological factors on the cost of the technological process of using pesticides, fertilizers and other agrochemicals is shown. The values of factors that should be used in the development of new types of unmanned aerial vehicles to ensure their maximum demand in agriculture and economic efficiency are proposed.