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The root bark of Calotropis procera (Family: Asclepiadaceae) was extracted with methanol. The methanolic extract was separated into hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water soluble fractions. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation and final purification was achieved by column chromatography. The structure of the compound was elucidated by spectroscopic methods (ESI-MS, 1H and C NMR, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC) and the comparison of the data obtained with that reported in the literature. It was concluded that the compounds isolated was taxifolin 4’-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, a dihydroquercetin glycoside. The crude extracts of hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, and water soluble fractions of methanol extract and the isolated compound were subjected to antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The result shows that the maximum inhibitions in the DPPH assays were isolated compound (51.7 %), methanol (80.7 %), and water (29.2 %) fractions while ascorbic acid standard was (84.4 %). However, the results for hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions in the DPPH assays were poor and hence discarded. The results for the in vitro cytotoxicity activity shows that ethyl acetate and hexane fractions showed significant cytotoxicity with LC50 value of 1.0±0.2 and 2.4 ±0.1 respectively.

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This study was carried out in ten (10) different locations within River Gongola, its Dam, and Dadinkowa Dam, Gombe State, Nigeria during the wet and dry season to study the water quality in terms of physicochemical properties to ascertain the levels of contaminants due to flooding and anthropogenic activities and the levels of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, and Ni) in the two species of fish (Clarias gariepinus and Bagrus docmak). A total of 200 water and 360 fish samples comprising two different species were collected in the month of March-June 2017 (Dry season) and July-October 2017 (Wet Season). The results of physicochemical properties obtained ranges between Temperature 29.0-30 0C and 30-32 0C, pH 5.4-7.8 and 6.0-6.9, Conductivity 93.3-161 μS/cm3 and 104.9-128 μS/cm3, Dissolved oxygen 1.2-3.98 mg/l and 0.4-3.1 mg/l, Total Suspended Solids 10-860 mg/l and 13-1180 mg/l, Total Dissolved Solids 46.5-80.5 mg/l and 54.2-76.5 mg/l, Turbidity 424.7-783.5 NTU and 11.15-442.1 NTU, Phosphate 1.82-7.23 mg/l and 0.00-0.11 mg/l, and Nitrate 2.25-8.82 mg/l and 2.68-6.81 mg/l during wet and dry season respectively. The result reveals that turbidity, PO43, DO, TSS, and TDS were above the acceptable permissible limits of WHO While the mean concentration levels of heavy metals in Clarias gariepinus and Bagrus docmak revealed that Cr was below the detectable limit while Cd ranges between 0.5-7.75 µg/g, Pb rangesbetween 3.9-35.6 µg/g during the wet and dry season. The mean concentrations of all the studied metals were above the permissible limit of WHO with a higher concentration during the dry season.

The extracts of leaves of Combretum molle were tested against the larvae of Artemia salina, i.e. Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BST) and Culexquinquefasciatus Say (filaria disease vector) i.e. Larvicidal Test, using crude ethanol, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts. The methanolic extract proved to be the most effective in inducing complete lethality at minimum doses both in the BST and the Larvicidal activity test. The LC50­ values obtained are 24.85 µg/ml and 0.4µg/ml respectively. The Bioactivity result was used to guide the column chromatography which afforded the pure compound ACM 2 which was not active in the BST with LC50 value of 1259 µg/ml but was active in the Larvicidal activity test with LC50 value 15.14 µg/ml.  ACM 2 was proposed to be N-heptadecyl-N-(8-octa-1, 3-diene-6-ynyl)amine (C25H44N).