Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a primary cause of death globally. A few classic and hybrid treatments exist to treat CVDs. However, they lack in both safety and effectiveness. Thus, innovative nanomaterials for disease diagnosis and treatment are urgently required. The tiny size of nanomaterials allows them to reach more areas of the heart and arteries, making them ideal for CVDs. Atherosclerosis causes arterial stenosis and reduced blood flow. The most common treatment is medication and surgery to stabilize the disease. Nanotechnologies are crucial in treating vascular disease. Nanomaterials may be able to deliver medications to lesion sites after being infused into the circulation. Newer point-of-care devices have also been considered together with nanomaterials. For example, this study will look at the use of nanomaterials in imaging, diagnosing, and treating CVDs.

The present work was carried out to assess the Onosma bracteatum anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. Swiss albino mice (male) were fed orally with hydroalcoholic extract at different doses 50, 100, and 200 mg 1 hour prior to test with the standard diazepam and fluoxetine. Anxiolytic and antidepressant activities were evaluated by using open field, elevated plus maze, force swimming, and tail suspension test. Results of open field test showed an increase in number of line crossing as well as number of rearing in dosage-dependent design. Although results of elevated plus maze test evidently showed antianxiety effect of O bracteatum by increasing the time spent in open arms along with decreasing the time spent in closed arms in dosage-dependent way. For the evaluation of antidepressant effect, O bracteatum diminished the immobility time and expanded mobility time in forced swim model in dosage-dependent way. Likewise, O bracteatum expanded time span of mobility along with diminished immobility time in tail suspension method in dosage-dependent way. Outcome demonstrated that plant at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight showed significant potential which was similar to that standard diazepam and fluoxetine. Hence, O bracteatum may be used as potent natural psychotherapeutic agent against the mental disorders.

Varicose veins are convoluted, expanded, and stretched subcutaneous veins of the lower leg and are the most frequently reported medical condition. This condition has a higher prevalence in Western and developed countries. Inadequacy of the valves results in reflux of blood in the veins of the lower leg. The present study aims to describe the epidemiology and contributing factors (risk factors and pathological factors) in the development of varicose veins disease. PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Google Scholar, SciFinder, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were explored to include potential research and review articles. Finally, 65 articles were considered appropriate to include in the study. Pain, swelling, heaviness, and tingling of the lower limbs are the most common sign and symptoms caused by varicose veins while in some individuals it is asymptomatic. The Prevalence of varicose veins varies geographically. Currently, it is reported that globally about 2%–73% of the population is affected by varicose veins while the prevalence rate in Pakistan is 16%–20%. Different risk factors associated with the advancement of varicose veins are age, gender, occupation, pregnancy, family history, smoking, BMI and obesity, exercise, genetic factor, and current lifestyle. In varicose veins, some contributory elements may also play an important role in the disease development, incorporating constant venous wall aggravation, hereditary variation, and persistent venous hypertension. This condition has now turned into a curable issue that was previously viewed broadly as less important for treatment, determining the individual’s satisfaction. Moreover, the mechanisms behind the risk factors involve diet, physical work, and hormonal contribution. These are more likely to be explored.

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are a potent source for obtaining tumor-reactive T cell receptors (TCRs). Although comprehensive methods to analyze the TCR repertoire in TILs have been reported, the evaluation system for TCR-reactivity to endogenously expressed antigen in tumor cells remains laborious and time consuming. Consequently, very limited numbers of TCRs in TILs have been analyzed for their reactivity to tumor cells. In this study, we developed an efficient evaluation system for TCR function designated c-FIT (comprehensive functional investigation of TCRs) to analyze TCR reactivity. The c-FIT system enabled us to analyze up to 90 TCRs for their reactivity to tumor cells by a single assay within a month. Using c-FIT, we analyzed 70 TCRs of CD8 + TILs derived from two breast cancer patients and obtained 23 TCRs that reacted to tumor cells. Surprisingly, although two TCRs were HLA class I-restricted, the remaining 21 TCRs were non-HLA-restricted. Thus, c-FIT can be applied for monitoring multiple conventional and unconventional antigen-specific killer T cells in TILs, leading to the development of new designs for more effective T-cell-based immunotherapies.

Thirty patients of Retinoblastoma presenting in the Haematology Department of King Edward Medical College, Lahore were included in the study to find out the bone marrow involvement. The patients underwent bone marrow aspiration and peripheral blood examination was also done. The aspirates were screened for the presence of tumor cells. Of the patients studied 21(70%) were males while 9(30%) were females giving a male to female ratio of 2.8:1. Maximum number of patients were in the 2-3years age group. Twenty seven patients had unilateral Retinoblastomas while three patients had bilateral disease at presentation. The bone marrow of three patients showed presence of tumor cells.