Mangrove forest plays a crucial role in climate change mitigation by storing carbon in its above-belowground pools. However, this forest remains under considerable high exploitation from the expansion of settlement and aquaculture pond that likely results in much CO 2 release to the atmosphere. The objective of this research is to estimate biomass carbon stocks of mangrove rehabilitated areas in Sinjai District, South Sulawesi. We used a line transects method for mangrove vegetation survey and determined above-belowground biomass and carbon stock using published allometric equations and a conversion factor, respectively. The results showed that the mean values of carbon stocks in above-belowground biomass were 125.48±93.48 Mg C ha-1 and 60.23±44.87 Mg C ha-1. The aboveground biomass stored more carbon than the belowground pool. However, low planting distance in mangrove rehabilitation and conversion of mangrove area into settlements and aquaculture ponds in the last three decades have affected forest structure and biomass carbon magnitudes. Therefore, preservation of intact mangrove and restoration of disturbed forests with pay attention to planting distance should consider. Besides, halting the expansion of settlements and aquaculture ponds are worthwhile options to maintain and possibly increase biomass carbon stocks.

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Abstract. Indonesian waters connect the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. These waters are also highly influenced by the monsoonal climate. Current is a very important parameter in the marine environment and affect both directly and indirectly the marine environment. A study has been done in the waters of Spermonde Archipelago in Makassar Strait to develop a model of relationship between tidal current velocities and capture of small pelagic fishes at transition between west and east moonsoonal season. Insitu field data were collected for 3 (three) months, from April to June 2009. Besides that, this study also used a two-year image data (acquired from October 2007 to June 2009). Study sites were deployed in areas of fishing base of small pelagic fishes within the waters of Spermonde Archipelago, Pangkep District, South Sulawesi, particularly in areas where purse seine gears were operated by the fishermen. Distribution of current parameters, depth, wind direction and velocity, and tidal data were depicted horizontally using Surfer v 7.0 software package. Meanwhile, Surface Modelling System v 8.1. (SMS v 8.1) program was used to make prediction of the movement pattern of the surface current. Results of the analysis of current movement patterns when the waters were approaching hightide showed that water mass movement from southern region (Flores Sea) was diverted and passed through the Spermonde Archipelago to the coastline of Pangkep Regency. In contrary, when the waters were approaching ebb tide, the current from the western coast of Pangkep Regency passed the Spermonde Archipelago and diverted to the Flores Sea again. Analysis of current velocity indicated that higher current ( 0.1 m s-1) was found in offshore and tend to decrease below 0.1 m s-1 as the current passing the waters of Spermonde Archipelago. Optimal capture was obtained up to the current velocity of 0.032 m s-1 i.e. 187.9 kg, and tend to decrease with increasing current velocity. At the highest current velocity, that is 0.216 m s-1, the capture was 112 kg.

The Natuna Sea is located at the northwestern part of Indonesia. Previous studies had showed that ENSO has a stronger impact on SST than chlorophyll-a. According to several studies, Indonesian oceans are heavily impacted by IOD. This study uses SST data with high-resolution satellite imagery (MODIS and Pathfinder) and rainfall and wind data from the Reanalysis Model (ERA-5) which is processed using a composite method and correlation grid. This research results, when La-Niña negative IOD SST will decrease 1°C and rainfall rises 7 mm/day while when El-Niño IOD positive SST will increase by 1°C while in rainfall will decrease by 3 mm/day. The variation of SST and rainfall is more influenced by ENSO than IOD.