In a statistical research of 100 women diagnosed with urinary tract infections (UTIs) at Al Dhahirah Hospital - Ibn Sina Clinic - Aqaba Laboratory for Medical Analysis in the city of Bani Waleed in 2017, Agrahl (Ibrahim, H. K., Mohammed, A. A., & Omar, O. A. (2018).) and  (Ibrahim, Hamza Khalifa). (2017). found that the most affected age group is the most common. The illness afflicted (26-30) years by 39 percent, making it the most affected age group when compared to others. The antibiotic (Augmentin) was shown to be the most important and effective antibiotic used in the treatment of urinary tract infection during this time period, accounting for 49 percent of cases, while UTI is more frequent in the winter, with a 59 percent infection rate. The increasing resistance to bacteria of our isolates under investigation might be related to the widespread use of antibiotics at random, allowing for a rise in bacterial resistance to various antibiotics.

The poultry sector has grown quickly over the past three decades. This has led to increased use of antibiotics as both medicinal and growth-promoting drugs. Concerns about the emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations, the presence of antibiotic residues in poultry products, and the increasing consumer demand for products free of antibiotic residues have accelerated the search for alternatives that could replace antibiotics without causing a loss in productivity or product quality. These alternatives to antibiotics in chicken include the use of organic acids, probiotic microorganisms, prebiotic substrates that encourage the establishment of beneficial bacterial populations, or symbiotic (combinations of prebiotics and probiotics), which boost production and maintain bird health. Phytobiotics, antimicrobial peptides, herbal medications, vitamins and minerals, and plant extracts are more examples. Probiotic organisms compete with pathogenic organisms for colonization sites in the gastrointestinal tract, redirect fewer nutrients to harmful microorganisms and the toxins they produce, and stimulate the immune system. Prebiotics also present an option since they change the immune system and intestinal microorganisms to prevent pathogens from colonizing the gut and to promote the growth of healthy microflora. However, further research is required to select probiotic, prebiotic, or synbiotics either alone or in combination that can result in the selection of strains capable of functioning well in the gastrointestinal system. Using synbiotics is still a preferable method for improving poultry production. Researchers can utilize the information in this review to further their understanding of antibiotic alternatives for poultry birds without sacrificing the welfare or performance of the birds.

Although hens are not vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2, there have been a number of coronavirus illness outbreaks reported in connection with poultry processing plants in various nations. The COVID-19 pandemic and the created strain triggered the second, third, and most current waves of epidemics, which had unforeseen effects such being obliged to reduce demand for certain sectors, transit systems, jobs, and enterprises owing to public confinement. Additionally, because of the close closeness on the line, the cold, and the humidity, the circumstances in chicken processing factories increase the dangers. Due to poor pay and lack of access to paid sick days or proper healthcare, the majority of employees have little money saved up in case they choose to quit their stable jobs. Additionally, employees at meat and poultry slaughterhouses may get an infection via touching filthy workstations, dining room tables, or equipment, as well as from respiratory droplets in the air. Due to consumer behaviour changes brought on by the lockout, egg costs have climbed significantly. Over the next months, the COVID epidemic may have a significant influence on the world poultry trade as well. The impact of COVID-19 on chicken production, environmental sustainability, and earth systems will be the main emphasis of this study from many process angles.