Date of publication xxxx 00, 0000, date of current version xxxx 00, 0000.

Due to its importance in prolonging the lifetime of battery-restricted wireless sensor networks, network longevity has garnered considerable research attention, with the rechargeable wireless sensor network emerging as a viable solution. In this research, the novel methodology of a trust-based mechanism for enhanced security integrated with an energy utility and re-usability model is proposed with software-defined networking (SDN) to maximize energy utilization. We proposed a novel framework with SDN for the service station in a wireless sensor network (WSN). The results showed that the life capacity of the network increases to a maximum of 290% when compared with no charging, with the charge increasing by 30% intervals. We also present how the network survives through this choice of sink. As there is variation in the network size while it increases, the proposed approach with the static method works well until the network size reaches 200. Furthermore, the proposed approach also uses the heuristic method to achieve the best performance.

With an accurate state of charge (SOC) estimation, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can be protected from overcharge, deep discharge, and thermal runaway. However, selecting appropriate algorithms to maintain the trade-off between accuracy and computational efficiency is challenging, especially under dynamic load profiles such as electric vehicles. In this study, seven different widely utilized online SOC estimation algorithms were considered with the following goals: (a) to compare the accuracy of the different algorithms; (b) to compare the computational time in the simulation. Since the 2-RC battery model is highly accurate and not very computationally complex, it was selected for implementing the considered algorithms for the model-based SOC estimation. The considered online SOC estimation performance was evaluated using measurement data obtained from experimental tests on commercial lithium manganese cobalt oxide batteries. The experimental analysis consisted of a dynamic current profile comprising a worldwide harmonized light vehicle test procedure (WLTP) cycle and constant current discharging pulses. In addition, the performance of the considered different algorithms was compared in terms of estimation error and computational time to understand the challenges of each algorithm. The results indicated that the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and sliding mode observer (SMO) were the best choices because of their estimation accuracy and computation time. However, achieving the SOC estimation accuracy depended on the battery modeling. On the other hand, the estimated SOC root means square error (RMSE) using a backpropagation neural network (BPNN) was less than that using a Luenberger observer (LO). Moreover, with the advantages of BPNNs, such as no need for battery modeling, the estimation error could be further reduced using a large size dataset.

The authors proposed an arbitrary order finite-time sliding mode control (SMC) design for a networked of uncertain higher-order nonlinear systems. A network of n+1 nodes, connected via a directed graph (with fixed topology), is considered. The nodes are considered to be uncertain in nature. A consensus error-based canonical form of the error dynamics is developed and a new arbitrary order distributed control protocol design strategy is proposed, which not only ensures the sliding mode enforcement in finite time but also confirms the finite time error dynamics stability. Rigorous stability analysis, in closed-loop, is presented, and a simulation example is given, which demonstrates the results developed in this work.

This work finds its motivation in heat exchanger design and flow control. Flow-induced vibration is studied numerically for combined vortex-induced vibrations and vortex-induced rotations of a horizontally positioned elliptic cylinder. The aspect ratio is taken as 2, and the value of reduced velocities ([Formula: see text]) considered for the present simulation is between 2 and 12. The body can have to and fro motions in a transverse (y) direction, in-line (x) direction as well as in azimuthal ([Formula: see text]) direction, which provides three degrees of freedom (DOF) to the body. It is found that for one-DOF (y-direction only) and two-DOF (y and x directions) cases, lock-in regions are the same while it is wider for the case of the three-DOF system. With the rotational DOF, y-directional motion is amplified and when it is compared with the one-DOF and two-DOF cases, difference in peak amplitude is about 30%. The rotational response reaches a maximum value within the synchronization regime, and the frequency behavior of rotational and transverse oscillations is showing the same characteristics. The phase difference is plotted to check their synchronization with respective forces and moments. For all DOFs and [Formula: see text], synchronized or desynchronized regions, 2S mode of vortex shedding was observed. For one-DOF and two-DOF cases, the transverse vibrational frequency ratio ([Formula: see text]) becomes equal to unity for the range [Formula: see text]. For three-DOF, [Formula: see text] and rotational frequency ratio ([Formula: see text] become close to the unity for [Formula: see text]. The three-DOF system shows smaller wake width and vortex formation length whereas the vortex strength is maximum.