The quality of learning relies on the teacher, serving as a critical factor in determining its effectiveness. This study aims to develop a teacher competency model through Lesson Study (LS) activities. Model competence refers to the regulation of Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture No 6565 in 2020. This study applied the qualitative descriptive research design. It utilized the lesson study approach in developing EFL teacher's professional knowledge competence, professional learning practice competence, and career professional development. The participants involved four EFL Teachers at Senior High School 10 Ternate City Indonesia. They consisted of one male and three females. Four EFL teachers were selected through purposive sampling with four criteria: (a) sex, (b) age, (c) teaching experience (d) educational background, and, (e) job status. Furthermore, the study data were obtained through three LS phases (plan, teach/do, and reflect/see) for four cycles. A 4-point Likert scale ((1=Thriving; 2= Capable; 3 = Worth; and 4 = advanced) was utilized to measure lesson study profile aspects on the development of EFL Teachers' Model competencies and it is an effect on students’ communication and critical thinking skills. Data was gained by a 4-point Likert scale calculated with frequency and presentation formula through Microsoft Excel Windows 10. The result showed that LS activities impacted the development of knowledge competencies, professional learning practices, and professional development of EFL teachers in learning English. It also improves communication, critical thinking, and student enthusiasm for English learning in class. This study provides opportunities for teachers to share knowledge, good learning practices, and experience, as well as reflect and learn to collaborate professionally. This study represents a unique contribution by integrating three models of teacher competence as an effort to adjust the Independent Curriculum.

This research aims to identify whether students’ background knowledge influenced the translated texts from the source language (SL) into the target language (TL). This research employs descriptive qualitative method design throught the use of semi-structured interviews and observation in one of the state universities in east Indonesia. The participants in this research included 30 students. The documents as students' target texts were used as primary data and the transcripts of semi-structured interviews were used as supporting data. To Analyse the data, the researchers used qualitative ways. Data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing or verification were used to reveal students’ background knowledge of translation. The data showed that most of the students need background knowledge in the translation of source language into the target language. These reasons confirm that there is a close relationship between background knowledge and translation. It means that in an interlingual translation, even if translators are bilinguals and master the grammar of a language, background knowledge of a text should also be dominated. Moreover, background knowledge is not a single problem for translators, there are also other problems that were found in students’ translation namely new words, complex sentences, reading comprehension, and expression in the target language.

The study focuses on the usefulness and the use of language as an instrument to associate a group of people in the society, both in the large and in the small groups to fulfill their everyday needs. They were described in the form of ideas and arguments that were investigated in the form of activities of library research design. The data were collected from many references both primary and secondary ones in terms of the topic. The primary data dealt with the roles and functions of language in terms of the usefulness and the usage of language in society. The findings of the study showed that language is used as an important instrument to connect people in many aspects of human life consisting of language in the world of education, language in the world of science and technology, language in economic and business contexts, language in the social and political contexts, language in the aspects of national defense and security, language and international relation.

As a traditional teaching method, Grammar-Translation Mehtod is still currently used nowadays. Although it is very suitable to teach grammar, but it is suitable for certain materials in certain places as well. One of the suitable materials is vocabulary. Vocabulary is very important all languages because there is no language without vocabulary. Every language is bulit up by the smallest meaningful unit that is called morpheme. Morphemes bulid up words, and the words listed in certain groups are called vocabulary. However, vocabulary has a very close relationship with grammar. Vocabulary is derived from morphology, and morphology is categorized grammar. Therefore, teaching vocabulary through Grammar-Translation Mehtod is possibly effective.  Key words: teaching, vocabulary, words, language Grammar-Translation Mehtod

The study deals with humans’ language performance connected to mind, thought, intelligence and way of thinking. The discussion was elaborated through ideas and argumensts explored in the work of library research design. The data were collected and presented in descriptive-qualitative way. The data were obtained from many sources concerning with the topic. Based on the research results, it was found that someone’s language performance is also identified as the ability, quality, and activity of thinking. Someone can be known, recognized, and respected by other people through his/her intelligence and way of thinking. It is caused by the function and urgency of language in human’s everyday life. In the process of thinking, someone requires language/languages to identify, characterise, communicate, and explain what he/she is thinking. It means that someone’s ability of performing or communicating ideas in a language reflects his/her quality of thinking and intelligence. The better someone in thinking and producing ideas the higher quality of communication in language he/she performs. The degree of someone’s intelligence and way of thinking can be measured through the quality of his/her communication in language. The fluency and accuracy of someone’s language production is the reflection of his/her ability of mind and thoughts.