Nowadays, the puplic health faces a major proplem of increased pesticides use with appearing of various side effects. One of the most commonly used is diazinon. It exerts its effects on variable tissues and cells including hepatocytes. This work aimed to study the tendency of diazinon to cause hepatic affection in rats and study the possible propolis protective role. We used 30 rats, divided into 4 groups; group Ia (-ve control); group Ib (+ve control, corn oil group); group II (propolis group; 400mg /kg/day orally); group III (diazinon 20 mg/kg/day orally); group IV (diazinon 20mg/kg/day + propolis 400mg /kg/day orally) for 8 weeks. We studied biochemical parameters: serum aminotransferases (ALT and AST), tissue oxidative stress markers (hepatic MDA, hepatic catalase and hepatic GPx activities). Liver will be examined by light microscope to evaluate histopathological changes and immunohistochemical reaction to caspase 3 to predict apoptosis. Results indicated: Significant increase in the serum levels of the ALT and AST as well as hepatic MDA of diazinon treated rats compared to control group, whereas both hepatic catalase and GPx activities were significantly decreased these results had significantly improved in both propolis and diazinon group. Light microscopic examination revealed disruption in hepatic histoarchitecture in diazinon group unlike that in group III which returned near normal; while immunohistochemical staining showed many positive reacted cells to active caspase 3 in diazinon group which became few in group III near to control. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that diazinon may have hepatotoxic effects which can be protected by co-administration of propolis in adult rats. Further studies about diazinon effect on liver and about propolis role in hepatoprotection are recommended.

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Background: Childhood poisoning is considered major socioeconomic and public health problem as there are thousands of children admitted to the emergency departments and millions of calls are made to poison control centers every year. Aim of the Work: Determine the prevalence and pattern of childhood poisoning cases admitted to Zagazig University hospitals. Subjects and Methods: This is a retrospective study on children < 18 years old presented to Zagazig University hospital emergency department. The study was done from the beginning of January 2018 to the end of December 2018 on total of 624 cases with acute poisoning. All required epidemiological and clinical data were collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 624 childhood poisoning cases, more males than females (55.3% versus 44.7% respectively), and more in age group of 3 -6 years old (40.86%), more in rural than urban communities (65.06% against 34.94% respectively). Oral exposure was the most against other routes (84.94%). Most cases were unintentional (92.8%). The prevalence of childhood poisoning in descending order was; compound therapeutic medications (32.69%) followed by pesticides (26.92%) then corrosives (17.31%), while volatile hydrocarbons (benzene or kerosene) accounted for (15.38%) and carbon monoxide (3.85%) and others (3.85%). Overall, minor cases were the commonest (63%) while only 3.8% of cases were severe. About 88.94% of cases were discharged after completed management while death rate was 0.96%. Conclusion: Most childhood poisoning cases were males, accidentally, mainly by oral route and in rural areas, most commonly in age group of 3 -6 years. Most cases were due to therapeutic medications then pesticide exposures. Most of cases were completely cured.

Cyclophosphamide, a cytotoxic alkylating agent, is an extensively used antineoplastic agent. Cardiotoxicity is considered as one of the limiting side effects of its use, which is attributed to oxidative stress. Zingiber officinale is powerful antioxidants against free radicals and oxidative attacks. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible protective effects of Z. officinale against cyclophosphamide induced cardio-toxicity in adult male albino rats. We used 30 adult male albino rats, divided into five groups; Group Ia (-ve control), Group Ib (+ve control), Group II (Z. officinale treated group; 200 mg/kg/day orally), Group III (cyclophosphamide treated group; single dose of 150 mg/kg I.P.), and Group IV (cyclophosphamide and Z. officinale treated group; rats received Z. officinale as before followed by single dose of cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg)). At the end of experiment, we studied biochemical parameters: oxidative markers (MDA, GSH and Catalase), and Troponin i. The heart tissue was examined by light and electron microscope to evaluate histo-pathological changes and immunehistochemical technique for localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes. The result showed increase in troponin I and disturbance of oxidative markers in cyclophosphamide treated group compared to control groups. Whereas these results had significantly improved in cyclophosphamide and Z. officinale treated group. Light and electron microscopic examination revealed disruption in the heart tissue histo-architecture in cyclophosphamide group with strong positive cytoplasmic iNOS immunoreaction in numerous cardiomyocytes by histochemical examination unlike that in cyclophosphamide and Z. officinale treated group which returned near normal. In conclusion, cyclophosphamide has a cardiotoxic effect which can be prevented by Z. officinale supplementation. Further studies about cyclophosphamide toxic effect on the heart and about Z. officinale role in protection are recommended.

Background: One of the widely abused anabolic-androgenic steroids worldwide is nandrolone decanoate (ND). Objectives: This work aimed to study whether alpha lipoic acid (ALA) treatment could modulate ND-induced renal dysfunction. Materials & methods: forty adult albino rats were divided into four groups. 1st group served as negative control; 2nd group received ALA (100 mg/kg orally by gastric gavage daily); 3rd group received ND in 28 mg/kg BW intra-peritoneal injection once weekly; 4th group received the dose of ND along with ALA (in the previous doses); all for eight weeks. Results: administration of nandrolone decanoate induced significant increase in serum urea and creatinine. Significant increase in lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα) together with significant reduction of the antioxidant Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and the anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL-4) in kidney tissues were also recorded. Histopathological evidence of renal tissue injury was detected. Co-administration of ALA along with ND ameliorated the effects mentioned above. Conclusion: According to this study, the administration of ALA can provide a protective role, through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, against ND-induced renal toxicity.