Introduction: Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are a promising modality of treatment for various oxidative stress induced and inflammatory diseases. Tramadol (TD) has become the most commonly prescribed opiate with a high liability for addiction, predisposing the liver to oxidative stress induced hepatotoxicity. Aim of the Work:This study aimed to clarify the impact of SeNPs on biochemical and histological alterations induced by TD. Materials and Methods: Sixty rats were divided into four groups: Group I: (Control group) included 15 rats, Group II: (SeNPs group) 5 rats received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of SeNPs. Group III: (TD group) 20 rats received i.p. injections of TD. Group IV (SeNPs + TD) 20 rats received SeNPs one hour before each administered dose of tramadol. Liver specimens were carefully harvested and processed for biochemical, light and electron microscopic studies, morphometric and statistical analysis. Results: Tramadol administration resulted in reduced antioxidant enzyme activities and elevated liver enzyme and malondialdehyde levels. Furthermore, dilated congested central veins and sinusoids, swollen hepatocytes with shrunken darkly stained nuclei and rarified cytoplasm, inflammatory infiltrations, and congested portal veins were observed. This was associated with depletion of intracellular glycogen and proteins, increased Bax and Glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, and collagen bundle deposition near hepatic stellate cells, between hepatocytes, and in the spaces of Disse. Administration of SeNPs significantly ameliorated these findings probably due to its antioxidant properties. Biochemically, a significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activities and decrease in liver enzyme and malondialdehyde levels was observed. Liver histology also improved with a significant increase in hepatocyte glycogen and protein content. Additionally, Bax and GFAP expression was comparable to that of the control group. Conclusion: SeNPs were hepatoprotective against oxidative stress induced by TD.

Background: One of the widely abused anabolic-androgenic steroids worldwide is nandrolone decanoate (ND). Objectives: This work aimed to study whether alpha lipoic acid (ALA) treatment could modulate ND-induced renal dysfunction. Materials & methods: forty adult albino rats were divided into four groups. 1st group served as negative control; 2nd group received ALA (100 mg/kg orally by gastric gavage daily); 3rd group received ND in 28 mg/kg BW intra-peritoneal injection once weekly; 4th group received the dose of ND along with ALA (in the previous doses); all for eight weeks. Results: administration of nandrolone decanoate induced significant increase in serum urea and creatinine. Significant increase in lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα) together with significant reduction of the antioxidant Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and the anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL-4) in kidney tissues were also recorded. Histopathological evidence of renal tissue injury was detected. Co-administration of ALA along with ND ameliorated the effects mentioned above. Conclusion: According to this study, the administration of ALA can provide a protective role, through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, against ND-induced renal toxicity.

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C hronic renal disease (CRD) has a significant negative effect on public health and exihibited a significant cause of a disease that affects more than 200 million people globally (Manoj and Hartmann, 2019). CRD forced patients to undergo terrible medical procedures, which drastically reduced their quality of life. The morbidity and mortality problem is getting worse every year (Ali et al., 2017). Up till now, dialysis or kidney transplantation are the only available treatment options as, and there hasn't been at least one medicine discovered that can be utilized to sustain kidney function in CRD patients (Cai et al., 2018).To delay the reduce in kidney function, it is necessary to discover beneficial therapies or nutritional supplements. It is undeniable that oxidative stress, inflammation, and ap-

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