2As atividades de mineração no mar podem causar diversos tipos de impactos ambientais aos ecossistemas marinhos, principalmente devido à destruição de habitats, que é um dos principais fatores que causam o declínio do número de espécies em todo o globo. Além de interferir diretamente no fundo submarino, as atividades de mineração podem causar um aumento da turbidez da água, com conseqüências para a produtividade primária local. Podem, introduzir e promover a liberação de nutrientes, causando a eutrofização e também a introdução de substâncias tóxicas, que quando incorporadas à biota, alteram o crescimento, a taxa de reprodução e a sobrevivência das espécies. Os métodos para identificação dos impactos ambientais das atividades de mineração no mar visam estabelecer se estas introduzem poluentes, determinar a biodisponibilidade desses poluentes, verificar a existência de respostas mensuráveis do ambiente e estabelecer a relação causal entre resposta e poluentes. Estes métodos empregam três abordagens: mensuração de concentrações de poluentes no meio físico (água e sedimento) e biótico (bioacumulação); estudos de laboratório ou de campo que visam estabelecer a existência de respostas toxicológicas dos organismos aos poluentes; e estudos de campo sobre modificações na estrutura e processos dos ecossistemas. Palavras-chave:Ecossistemas marinhos, Impacto ambiental, Mineração marinha. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM THE MARINE MINERAL EXPLORATION -
The objective of this study was to investigate the macrobenthic community of two compartments of the Maricá-Guarapina lagoon system, along the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in relation to its abiotic sediment factors. An additional discrimination between sites was made, wherever the macrophyte Typha domingensis was found. This vegetation supposedly represents a potentially important food source for consumers. Furthermore, the trophic pathways were analyzed functionally by means of stable isotope analysis to assess the role of organic matter sources for consumers in the study area. In conclusion, the results showed differences between abiotic features in the compartments of the lagoon system, which, although they have affected the different species' distribution, have led to a homogeneous low-diversity system. Macrozoobenthic species tend to change with increasing distance from the sea, with a slightly different distribution in the two compartments. The macrophyte T. domingensis did not exercise any great influence on the biotic distribution and was not the main food source for consumers in the lagoon system, where, instead, sedimentary organic matter and macrophyte detritus also seem to play an important role in the trophic web.
RESUMO: O material malacológico oriundo de escavação realizada no Sambaqui da Tarioba (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) foi classificado e descrito pelos índices quantitativos tradicionais de zooarqueologia (NISP, MNI), bem como testada a hipótese de diferenças em riqueza e abundância de espécies ao longo das camadas arqueoestratigráficas. Datações de radiocarbono indicaram uma ocupação do Sambaqui da Tarioba de pelo menos 550 anos durante o Holoceno Recente (4070 -3520 AP). Foram identificadas 34 espécies de moluscos, 18 bivalves e 16 gastrópodes, e mais duas famílias pertencentes à classe Bivalvia (Mytilidae e Ostreidae). No total, foram amostrados 7360 NISP e 3675 MNI. Os Testes de Mann-Whitney indicaram diferenças significativas para os valores de MNI e NISP entre as camadas arqueoestratigráficas do Sambaqui da Tarioba, as quais podem ser explicadas por vieses culturais e fatores tafonômicos, ambientais e/ou outros fatores intrínsecos às populações de moluscos daquela época.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: ZOOARQUEOLOGIA, HOLOCENO, SAMBAQUIS, MALACOFAUNA RESUMEN: El material malacológico proveniente de la excavación realizada en el Sambaqui de Tarioba (Río de Janeiro, Brasil) fue clasificado y descrito por los índices tradicionales de zooarqueología (NISP, MNI), así como probada la hipótesis de diferencias en riqueza y abundancia de especies a lo largo de las capas arqueoestratigráficas. Las fechas de radiocarbono indicaron una ocupación del Sambaqui de Tarioba de al menos 550 años durante el Holoceno Reciente (4070-3520 AP). Se identificaron 34 especies de moluscos, 18 bivalvos y 16 gasterópodos, y 2 familias pertenecientes a la clase Bivalvia (Mytilidae y Ostreidae). En total se muestrearon 7360 NISP y 3675 MNI. Las pruebas de Mann-Whitney indicaron diferencias significativas para los valores de MNI y NISP entre capas arqueoestratigráficas del Sambaqui de Tarioba, las cuales pueden ser explicadas por vieses culturales y por factores tafonómicos, ambientales y/o otros factores intrínsecos a las poblaciones de moluscos de aquella época.
Environmental factors, size-related isotopic changes of the most abundant species and isotopic niche overlap were investigated using stable isotopes in order to evaluate spatial changes of fish trophic guilds in the Araruama Lagoon. Based on 440 muscle samples, 17 fish species were grouped into five trophic guilds. Mean salinity was above 40 at both sites sampled and a significant spatial difference was observed. The highest δ13C mean value was observed for an omnivorous species, whereas the lowest carbon signatures were found for the three fish species belonging to the planktivorous guild. Analysis of the carbon signature of fish species in lower trophic levels showed influence of salinity variation, whilst size appeared to play a role for others. A narrow δ15N difference was observed, but the piscivorous fish species showed the highest δ15N values. The Standard Ellipses Analysis (SEA) detected spatial differences and varying degrees of isotopic niche overlap among trophic guilds, but the percentages of most overlaps (<60%) suggest that, to some extent, the guilds had a unique isotopic niche space. These results are in agreement with data previously reported for the Araruama Lagoon, that found the same prey items with varying relative importance among the most abundant species. Further studies are necessary to understand how the interaction between salinity and other factors, such as migration patterns, changes in prey availability, changes in contribution of primary sources and changes in baseline isotopic signatures could affect the stable isotope signatures shown here.
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