Salah satu faktor yang dapat menyebabkan kesulitan dalam proses pembelajaran adalah pendidik tidak menggunakan alat peraga. Lubang hitam merupakan suatu daerah dalam ruang-waktu dengan medan gravitasi begitu kuat bahkan cahaya tidak dapat lolos. Hal ini mengakibatkan lubang hitam tidak dapat diamati secara langsung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan sebuah media ajar tentang lubang hitam di Observatorium Ilmu Falak Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara (OIF UMSU). Jenis penelitian ini adalah Research and Development (penelitian dan pengembangan). Model pengembangan yang digunakan adalah model pengembangan ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implemetation, dan Evaluation). Penelitian ini dibatasi hanya sampai tahap Development. Berdasarkan penilaian dari dua validator untuk media, rata-rata nilai yang diperoleh adalah 76,88%. Dari segi media, media ajar lubang hitam ini masuk kategori cukup layak untuk dikembangkan. Berdasarkan penilaian dari dua validator untuk materi, rata-rata nilai yang diperoleh adalah 80,36%. Dari segi media, media ajar lubang hitam ini masuk kategori layak untuk dikembangkan. Rata-rata validasi dari ahli media dan ahli materi adalah 78,62% dengan kategori cukup layak.
In astronomy, there are three types of dawn. They are astronomical, nautical, and civil dawn. The sunlight is starting to appear on the east horizon when the Sun altitude is 18 o below the horizon. Hence, there is a change on the sky brightness. The sky brightness can be affected by the moon phases. The sky brightness level is monitored by Sky Quality Meter (SQM). The SQM was installed upward to the zenith. There are 4 locations of measurement in Yogyakarta. The data has been collected for nine months to obtain the complete moon phases. The beginning of astronomical dawn is time when the sky brightness level is starting to decrease. The moving average algorithm was employed to determine the beginning of astronomical dawn. The time when the astronomical dawn begins is compared with the sun altitude calculation. The sun altitude calculation has been done using accurate times software. The difference of the beginning of astronomical dawn by measurement and calculation are 18.61±6.81 minutes, 19.12±3.28 minutes, 31.12±7.76 minutes, and 27.24±8.04 minutes, on the new moon (0), on the first quarter (0.25), on the full moon (0.5) and on the last quarter (0.75), respectively. The weather condition is also contributing to the results.
The beginning of prayer time is important for Muslims because Islam advocates for prayer at the beginning of time. The beginning of Zuhr, Asar and Maghrib prayer times can be done by looking position of the Sun directly. However, the position of the sun cannot be directly observed to determine the beginning of the Fajr and Isha prayer times, because the Sun is below the horizon. The beginning of the Fajr prayer time can be determined by measuring sky brightness using the Sky Quality Meter (SQM). Many factors can affect SQM in collecting light so that the data is not separated from noise. The use of the moving average method reduces noise, making it easier to determine the beginning of the Fajr prayer time using SQM.
<p class="AbstractEnglish"><strong>Abstract:</strong> Determination of the beginning of the prayer time is very important for Muslims because it is one of the prayer pillars. However, the determination of beginning morning prayer is still difficult, because the sun is below the horizon. The determination of the beginning of dzuhur, ashr, and maghrib times are easier since the sun's shadow is still clearly visible. The sun position is determined by sun declination. The sun declination value is given a positive sign (+) when it is north of the sky equator and negative sign (-) when it is to the south of the celestial equator. This research method uses the experimental method. The determination of the subuh time has been done by measuring sky brightness level that was measured by SQM. There is a difference between the beginning of morning prayer time between the Accurate Times software calculation and the measurement. In the sun declination variation, difference data ranged from 21 - 36 minutes. From this study, it was concluded that the value of sun declination affected the beginning of dawn time.</p><p class="KeywordsEngish"><strong>Abstrak:</strong> Penentuan awal waktu salat yang tepat penting bagi umat muslim, karena merupakan salah satu rukun salat. Namun, penentuan awal waktu salat subuh masih sulit, karena matahari berada di bawah horizon. Penentuan awal waktu zuhur, asar, dan magrib lebih mudah karena bayangan matahari masih terlihat jelas. Posisi matahari ditentukan oleh deklinasi matahari, nilai deklinasi matahari diberi tanda positif (+) ketika berada di sebelah utara ekuator langit dan negatif (-) ketika berada di sebelah selatan ekuator langit. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen. Penentuan awal waktu subuh dengan menggunakan pengukuran Tingkat Kecerahan Langit (TKL) ini diukur dengan <em>Sky Quality Meter (SQM)</em>. Terdapat selisih awal waktu salat subuh antara perhitungan <em>Software Accurate Times</em> dan pengukuran. Pada variasi deklinasi matahari diperoleh data selisih berkisar antara 21-36 menit. Dari penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa nilai deklinasi matahari berpengaruh terhadap awal waktu subuh.</p>
Selama satu tahun, Matahari tidak selalu berada di daerah khatulistiwa, namun terkadang berada di daerah utara khatulistiwa serta daerah selatan khatulistiwa. Kedudukan Matahari di khatulistiwa disebut ekuinoks, kedudukan Matahari saat berada di titik terjauh di utara dari khatulistiwa disebut solstis musim panas (summer solstice), kedudukan Matahari saat berada di titik terjauh di selatan dari khatulistiwa disebut solstis musim dingin (winter solstice). Matahari di Observatorium Ilmu Falak Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara menunjukkan posisi yang berbeda saat ekuinoks, summer soltice, dan winter solstice. Matahari terbit di arah timur dan terbenam di arah barat hanya terjadi pada saat ekuinoks. Meskipun saat ekuinoks, namun Matahari tidak dapat menunjukk arah timur dan barat sepanjang hari. Hal ini disebabkan pergerakan Matahari tidak tegak lurus terhadap horizon melainkan miring sesuai dengan lintang tempat.
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