Salah satu faktor yang dapat menyebabkan kesulitan dalam proses pembelajaran adalah pendidik tidak menggunakan alat peraga. Lubang hitam merupakan suatu daerah dalam ruang-waktu dengan medan gravitasi begitu kuat bahkan cahaya tidak dapat lolos. Hal ini mengakibatkan lubang hitam tidak dapat diamati secara langsung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan sebuah media ajar tentang lubang hitam di Observatorium Ilmu Falak Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara (OIF UMSU). Jenis penelitian ini adalah Research and Development (penelitian dan pengembangan). Model pengembangan yang digunakan adalah model pengembangan ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implemetation, dan Evaluation). Penelitian ini dibatasi hanya sampai tahap Development. Berdasarkan penilaian dari dua validator untuk media, rata-rata nilai yang diperoleh adalah 76,88%. Dari segi media, media ajar lubang hitam ini masuk kategori cukup layak untuk dikembangkan. Berdasarkan penilaian dari dua validator untuk materi, rata-rata nilai yang diperoleh adalah 80,36%. Dari segi media, media ajar lubang hitam ini masuk kategori layak untuk dikembangkan. Rata-rata validasi dari ahli media dan ahli materi adalah 78,62% dengan kategori cukup layak.
Polusi cahaya merupakan masalah utama bagi kegiatan observasi di observatorium. Karena itu Observatorium Ilmu Falak Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara (OIF UMSU) perlu mengukur tingkat polusi cahaya demi kelancaran observasi. Polusi cahaya dapat diketahui dengan cara mengukur tingkat kecerahan langit malam menggunakan Sky Quality Meter (SQM). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode observasi. SQM dipasang pada tiga arah yaitu zenit, 45o timur dan ufuk timur. Nilai kecerahan langit untuk SQM yang diarahkan ke ufuk timur memiliki nilai paling rendah dibandingkan dengan arah yang lain dikarenakan polusi cahaya yang tinggi di langit ufuk timur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai kecerahan langit dari SQM yang diarahkan ke zenit, 45o timur dan ufuk timur menunjukkan nilai rata-rata 17,01 mpsas, 16,57 mpsas, dan 15,81 mpsas. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa polusi cahaya di OIF UMSU sudah dominan. Awal waktu Subuh terjadi pada saat fajar nautikal dilihat dari ketinggian Matahari yang diperoleh oleh SQM yang diarahkan ke zenit, 45o timur dan ufuk timur memiliki nilai rata-rata 9,78o, 11,06o dan 11,07o di bawah horizon.
Astronomy is counted as a natural science that always gets the most attention of humans all the time. Lately, in Indonesia began to appear astronomical observatories that examine various things. The Falak Observatory of the University of Muhammadiyah North Sumatra (OIF UMSU) is one that has played an important role in the development of astronomy in Indonesia, especially in North Sumatra. In this observatory there are classical and modern astronomical tools. Among the role and contribution of this observatory is to provide information for students about the phenomenon and importance of astronomy, then training for students, astronomy studies, and others. The existence of this observatory is basically an appreciation of science and technology that are part of civilization.
Prayer time is closely related to the position of the Sun toward the Earth. The position of the Sun against the Earth is affected by the revolution and rotation of the Earth. Three cities were chosen to see the effect of revolution and rotation of the Earth on prayer times in the hemisphere, namely Stockholm city representing the northern hemisphere, Wellington city representing the southern hemisphere, and Pontianak city representing the equatorial region. Prayer times are calculated using the Accurate Times software during the equinox, summer solstice, and winter solstice in 2020. Locations in high latitudes will experience large differences in prayer times throughout the year due to differences in day and night lengths. Accurate Times software can show the prayer times difference in the hemisphere. Areas that sometimes experience day for 24 hours or night for 24 hours are difficult in determining prayer times. There are two options to overcome this problem, namely adjusting to neighboring countries where night and day can be distinguished or following prayer times in Mecca and Medina.�
Measuring the brightness of the night sky and determining the start of Fajr prayer times can be done using SQM. Observations were made at OIF UMSU with coordinates 3o 34' 55.06" N and 98o 43' 17.09" E. The sky brightness was measured using three SQMs mounted facing the zenith, eastern horizon, and western horizon. The night sky brightness values for SQM directed to the zenith, eastern horizon, and western horizon are 18.23 mpsas, 15.82 mpsas, and 15.47 mpsas. The beginning of fajr prayer time produced by SQM is after the beginning of fajr prayer time obtained using the Accurate Times concerning the Sun's altitude 18o below the horizon. The difference obtained by SQM directed to the zenith, eastern horizon, and western horizon is 29.5 minutes, 36.7 minutes, and 39.5 minutes. In other words, the beginning of Fajr prayer time used in Indonesia is earlier than it should be.
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