Purpose The purpose of this paper is to conduct systematic reviews on Indonesian papers, to examine the most recent evidence of the efficacy of the combination of cognitive training and physical exercise, and to make recommendations in order to improve prevention, care and treatment services in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Design/methodology/approach The databases of Cochrane, Medline, NIH (US National Library Medicine), ProQuest, EbscoHost, Clinical Key, EMBASE, Medical Librarian (TWE) in Ovid, Science Direct, Scopus, The Lancet Global Health, PubMed, Emerald, Indonesian National Library, Google Scholar, Google Indonesia, and Garuda Portal were systematically searched using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to obtain empirical papers published between June 1976 and January 2018. Findings Out of the 3,293 articles collected, 10 were included in this analysis. The result of this combined meta-analysis compares the combination therapy group (cognitive therapy and physical exercise) with a control group. It shows that the control group was likely to experience MCI 1.65 times more often than the combination therapy group. According to the result acquired from the synthesized meta-analysis, the control group experienced MCI 1.65 times higher than the combination therapy. The finding is proven to be statistically significant (95% CI= 1.42–1.93). Research limitations/implications The research considers only English and Indonesian articles. Practical implications It is important to explore the most effective training characteristics in a special combined intervention differentiated by the duration, frequency, intervention, type and combination mode. There is a need for further investigation that focuses on the physiological mechanisms underlying the positive effects, by inserting a more comprehensive neuro-imaging measurement to assess specifically the domain that benefits in terms of cognitive functions and molecular markers. Finally, exploratory studies are definitely required, which will specifically examine maintenance and treatment effects as well as derive theoretical explanations related to the interventions and predictors. Social implications A combination of cognitive training and physical exercise intervention may improve the global health or cognitive functions. Originality/value A combination of cognitive training and physical exercise has been found to improve prevention, care and treatment services in elderly patients with MCI. There is an increase in value in comparison to the study of Karssemeijer, which considered five Indonesian articles.

Background: Mental health problems, especially depression, have a major impact on the elderly. Depression is a major contributor to the burden of disease globally which can cause suicide. This study aimed to determine the factors that influence depression in the elderly. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a cross sectional design. It was conducted from October to December 2018. A total of 200 elderly was selected by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was depression. The independent variables were income, history of chronic illness, family function, social interaction, social support, social isolation, and loneliness. Data on depression was measured by Geriatric Depression Scale 15 (GDS-15). The other data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multiple logistic regression. Results: The risk of depression in elderly increased with history of chronic illness (OR= 8.03; 95% CI= 1.48 to 43.42; p= 0.016), social isolation (OR= 6.05; 95% CI= 1.41 to 25.98; p= 0.015), and loneliness (OR= 7.14; 95% CI= 1.62 to 31.41; p= 0.009). It decreased with high income (OR= 0.14; 95% CI= 0.03 to 0.60; p= 0.008), strong family function (OR= 0.13; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.67; p= 0.014), strong social interaction (OR= 0.11; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.48; p= 0.003), and strong social support (OR= 0.16; 95% CI= 0.04 to 0.65; p= 0.011). Conclusion:The risk of depression in elderly increases with history of chronic illness, social isolation, and loneliness. It decreases with high income, strong family function, strong social interaction, and strong social support.

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BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis remained a major public health issue in many developing nations. Case detection rate remained low in Indonesia. Social marketing induces behavior change by making it compatible with individual perception, values, and convenience. This study aimed to apply social marketing to increase active case detection 0f tuberculosis. SUBJECT AND METHOD: This was a qualitative-quantitative study conducted in two puskesmas (community health centers) in Sukoharjo district, Central Java, Indonesia. A sample of 30 health cadres was selected for this study. Another sample of health personnels from puskesmas and health programmers from the district health office, Sukoharjo, were selected for this study. The data were collected by interview, focus group discussion, and document review. Changes in knowledge and social marketing among health cadres before and after training was tested by t test. Case detection rates before and after training were compared and tested by chi square. RESULTS: Knowledge in tuberculosis before training (mean=67.37; SD=11.37) increased after training (mean=83.97; SD=9.22), and it was statistically significant (p<0.001). Knowledge in social marketing before training (mean=73.04; SD=12.25) increased after training (mean=85.12; SD=12.02), and it was statistically significant (p<0.001). Tuberculosis case detection rate before trainingvincreased twice as many after training (OR=2.10; 95%CI=0.48 to 10.99; p=0.168) CONCLUSION: Social marketing can be used to increase knowledge in tuberculosis among health cadres and case detection rate through active case finding.

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