The Brazilian Savanna, also known as "Cerrado", is the richest and most diverse savanna in the world and has been ranked as one of the main hotspots of biodiversity. The Cerrado is a representative biome in Central Brazil and the second largest biome in species diversity of South America. Nevertheless, large areas of native vegetation have been converted to agricultural land including grain production, livestock, and forestry. In this view, understanding how land use affects microbial communities is fundamental for the sustainable management of agricultural ecosystems. The aim of this work was to analyze and compare the soil bacterial communities from the Brazilian Cerrado associated with different land use systems using high throughput pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Relevant differences were observed in the abundance and structure of bacterial communities in soils under different land use systems. On the other hand, the diversity of bacterial communities was not relevantly changed among the sites studied. Land use systems had also an important impact on specific bacterial groups in soil, which might change the soil function and the ecological processes. Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the most abundant groups in the Brazilian Cerrado. These findings suggest that more important than analyzing the general diversity is to analyze the composition of the communities. Since soil type was the same among the sites, we might assume that land use was the main factor defining the abundance and structure of bacterial communities.

RESUMOO presente trabalho teve por objetivo determinar o carbono e o nitrogênio presentes na biomassa microbiana, usando a irradiação do forno de microondas em substituição ao clorofórmio nos métodos fumigação-incubação e fumigação-extração. Foram utilizadas duas amostras de um Podzólico Vermelho-Escuro, submetidas aos procedimentos de incubação e de extração, após serem fumigadas com clorofórmio e irradiadas com microondas por diferentes períodos (2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 e 50 min). Observou-se que a irradiação durante 2 min foi suficiente para estimar o C e o N presentes na biomassa microbiana nos procedimentos de incubação e extração, com valores semelhantes aos verificados pela fumigação com clorofórmio. A irradiação com microondas reduziu os coeficientes de variação nas amostras de solo submetidas ao procedimento de extração, comprovando ser o método irradiação-extração o mais adequado para a estimativa do C e do N microbianos.Termos de indexação: C e N microbianos, incubação, extração, método. SUMMARY: USE OF MICROWAVE RADIATION TO EVALUATE SOIL MICROBIAL BIOMASSThe objective of this work was to determine carbon and nitrogen content in the soil microbial biomass by comparing microwave radiation and chloroform fumigation using the extraction and incubation methods. Two soil samples (Dark-Red Podzolic) were submitted to incubation and extraction after chloroform fumigation and microwave radiation during different periods (2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min). Two minutes under microwave radiation were sufficient to determine C and N content in the soil biomass using incubation and extraction procedures. These values were similar to those obtained by chloroform fumigation. The coefficients of variation in the soil samples submitted to microwave radiation extraction were reduced. Thus, this was considered the most adequate procedure for carbon and nitrogen quantification in soil biomass.

RESUMO

Microbial activity and biochemical properties are important indicators of the impact of organic composting on soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate some indicators of soil microbial and biochemical processes after application of compost (household waste). A Typic Acrustox, sampled at a depth of 10 cm under Cerrado biome vegetation, was evaluated in three treatments: control (soil without organic compost amendment) and soil with two doses of domestic organic compost (10 and 20 g kg -1 soil). The following properties were evaluated: released C (C-CO 2 ): microbial respiration 15 days after incubation; microbial biomass C (MBC); total glucose (TG); metabolic quotient (qCO 2 ); and enzyme activity of β− β− β− β− β−glucosidase and acid and alkaline phosphatase. The application of household compost, at doses of 10 and 20 g kg -1 Typic Acrustox, resulted in significant gains in microbial activity, organic C and C stock, as evidenced by increased MBC and TG levels. On the other hand, qCO 2 decreases indicated greater microbial diversity and more efficient energy use. The addition of compost, particularly the 20 g kg -1 dose, strongly influenced the enzyme β− β− β− β− β−glucosidase and phosphatase (acid and alkaline). The β− β− β− β− β−glucosidase activity was significantly increased and acid phosphatase activity increased more than the alkaline. The ratio of β− β− β− β− β−glucosidase to MBC was greater in the control than in the composted treatments which suggests that there were more enzymes in the control than in the substrate or that the addition of compost induced a great MBC increase.Index terms: Cerrado, Soil respiration, microbial biomass, glucose, phosphatase, β− β− β− β− β−glucosidase.(

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da desfolha do milho no desenvolvimento e na produtividade de grãos. Seis ensaios foram conduzidos em diferentes safras e locais e em dois níveis de produtividade. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com sete repetições. A desfolha foi realizada no estádio vegetativo V 4 do milho (quatro folhas expandidas), e os tratamentos foram: remoção das duas folhas basais, remoção das quatro folhas expandidas, remoção total das folhas (secção da parte aérea) e testemunha (sem desfolha). Foram avaliados: duração do período vegetativo; e, em pré-colheita, altura de planta, altura de espiga, percentagem de plantas acamadas, força de quebramento de colmo, força de arranquio da planta e produtividade. A remoção das quatro folhas e a remoção total aumentaram a duração do período vegetativo e reduziram a altura de planta, a altura de espiga e a resistência do colmo ao quebramento. Esses níveis de desfolha também reduziram a produtividade, principalmente com a remoção total das folhas. A força de arranquio da planta não foi influenciada pela desfolha. A retirada de quatro folhas e do total das folhas reduz a produtividade de grãos, respectivamente, em 6,25 a 14,05% nos híbridos avaliados.Termos para indexação: Zea mays, área foliar, integridade foliar, período vegetativo, potencial produtivo. Grain development and yield in maize subjected to defoliation levelsAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of defoliation of maize on grain development and yield. Six trials were conducted in different growing seasons and locations and at two yield levels. A randomized complete block design was used, with seven replicates. Defoliation was made at the V 4 vegetative stage of maize (four expanded leaves), and treatments consisted of: removal of the two basal leaves, removal of the four expanded leaves, total removal of leaves (aerial plant section), and a control (without defoliation). The following were evaluated: length of the vegetative period; and, at pre-harvest, plant height, ear insertion height, plant lodging percentage, stalk-breaking strength, force required to pull the plant, and yield. The removal of four leaves and the total removal of leaves increased the length of the vegetative period and reduced plant height, ear insertion height, and stalk strength against breaking. These defoliation levels also reduced yield, mainly with the total removal of leaves. The force required to pull the plant was not influenced by defoliation. Removal of four leaves and of all leaves reduces grain yield, respectively, in 6.25 to 14,05 in the evaluated hybrids.Index terms: Zea mays, leaf area, leaf integrity, vegetative period, yield potential. IntroduçãoO potencial produtivo da cultura do milho (Zea mays L.) é definido por volta dos estádios V 4 e V 5 , de quatro a cinco folhas expandidas, respectivamente, em razão da diferenciação floral (Ritchie et al., 1993). Nesse período, a planta origina os primórdios do pendão e da espiga, e também ocorre a difer...