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Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is a serious disease of cotton on the Indian subcontinent. In the present study, three cotton leaf curl viruses, cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBuV), cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus (CLCuKoV) and cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMV), and their associated satellites, cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB) and cotton leaf curl Multan alphasatellite (CLCuMA), were detected. CLCuBuV with either intact (CLCuBuV-1) or mutant (CLCuBuV-2) transcriptional activator protein (TrAP) were detected in different plants. Agroinoculation with CLCuBuV-1 or CLCuBuV-2 together with CLCuMB and CLCuMA, resulted in typical leaf curling and stunting of tobacco plants. Inoculation with CLCuKoV or an isolate of CLCuMV (CLCuMV-2), together with CLCuMB and CLCuMA, induced severe leaf curling, while the other isolate of CLCuMV (CLCuMV-1), which was recombinant in origin, showed mild leaf curling in tobacco. To investigate the effect of intact or mutant TrAP and also the recombination events, CLCuBuV-1, CLCuBuV-2, CLCuMV-1 or CLCuMV-2 together with the satellites (CLCuMA and CLCuMB) were transferred to cotton via whitefly-mediated transmission. Cotton plants containing CLCuBuV-1, CLCuBuV-2 or CLCuMV-2 together with satellites showed curling and stunting, whereas the plants having CLCuMV-1 and the satellites showed only mild and indistinguishable symptoms. CLCuBuV-1 (intact TrAP) showed severe symptoms in comparison to CLCuBuV-2 (mutant TrAP). The present study reveals that two types of CLCuBuV, one with an intact TrAP and the other with a mutant TrAP, exist in natural infection of cotton in India. Additionally, CLCuMuV-1, which has a recombinant origin, induces mild symptoms in comparison to the other CLCuMV isolates.

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A begomovirus and its associated alpha- and betasatellite were detected in tomato plants affected with leaf curl disease. Based on a nucleotide sequence identity of 99 %, this begomovirus was designated an isolate of cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBuV). The alphasatellite exhibited 93 % sequence identity to cotton leaf curl Burewala alphasatellite (CLCuBuA) and is hence referred to here as a variant of CLCuBuA. The detected betasatellite was recombinant in nature and showed 70 % sequence identity to the known betasatellites. Inoculation of healthy tomato with CLCuBuV plus betasatellite, either in the presence or the absence of alphasatellite, led to typical leaf curling, while inoculation with CLCuBuV in the absence of betasatellite resulted in mild symptoms. This confirmed the role of the betasatellite in expression of disease symptoms. We propose to name the newly detected betasatellite tomato leaf curl Hajipur betasatellite (ToLCHJB).

or stillbirth. [3] Many studies have reported that the ABO blood group is not related to infertility. [4,5] However, Khan et al. [6] reported that the blood group O is related to male infertility. [6] This study was undertaken to investigate any relationship between ABO blood group and male infertility. Materials and Methods Study Design A total number of 88 infertile men were enrolled during July 2009 to January 2011 from different infertility clinics and centers of Bhopal and Rewa district of Madhya Pradesh, India. This study was approved by the ethical committee of the institute, and written consent from all the subjects was obtained. In this, the population was divided into two groups: Group A: 88 infertile men with mean age of 38.63 (±7.13) years were enrolled in this group, which revealed at least 2 years of infertility period. Hormone profile and semen analysis were also done. Background: Blood is an important component of the human body that is responsible for complete human identity. The ABO and Rh groups are very useful for blood transfusion, organ transplantation, biomedical research, and anthropological study. The blood group incompatibility has been associated with some diseases. Objective: To examine the relationship between blood group and infertility in men and to know the frequency of different blood groups among infertile men who were referred from different infertility clinics and centers. Materials and Methods: A total number of 88 infertile men along with 88 fertile men as controls were evaluated using the antigen-antibody agglutination test.