Background Complete childhood vaccination considerably aids in the reduction of morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable childhood diseases. Understanding the geographical disparity of complete basic childhood vaccination and Identifying associated factors is vital to designing appropriate interventions. This study aimed to assess the spatial distribution and associated factors of complete basic childhood vaccination among children aged 12–23 months in Ethiopia. Methods A two-stage stratified sampling technique was used based on the 2019 Ethiopian mini demographic and health survey data. A total weighted sample of 1,028 children was included in the analysis. ArcGIS version 10.8 software was used to visualize the spatial distribution of complete basic childhood vaccination. The Bernoulli-based model was used to detect significant clusters of areas using SaTScan version 9.6 software. To identify associated factors, multilevel logistic regression analyses were used, and all variables with a p-value less than 0.05 were reported as statistically significant predictors. Results Complete basic childhood vaccination among children aged 12–23 months had a significant variation in Ethiopia (Moran’s I = 0.276, p<0.001). The spatial scan analysis identified the most likely significant primary clusters with low complete basic childhood vaccination coverage in the Somali region’s Afder, Liben, Shabelle, and Nogobe zones; the Southern Nation Nationality and Peoples Region’s (SNNPR) Gedeo and Sidama zones; and the Oromia region’s Bale and Guji zones. The second significant cluster was found in the Afar region’s zones 1, 4, and 5, as well as the northern Somali region’s Siti zone. In the multivariable multilevel analysis, maternal age 20–24, 25–29, 35–39, and 40–44 years, delivery at a health facility, four or more antenatal care (ANC) visits, orthodox religion fellowship, maternal primary education, Muslim religion fellowship, living in the Afar, Somalia, and Oromia regions, and living in rural areas were all found to be significantly associated with complete basic childhood vaccination. Conclusion A geographically significant variation of complete basic childhood vaccination was observed. Maternal age, maternal education, religion, place of delivery, ANC visit, region, and residence were significantly associated with complete basic childhood vaccination. Developing immunization campaigns targeting areas that had low basic vaccination coverage and designing healthcare programs that can motivate facility-based delivery and ANC follow-up is recommended.

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Background: A neural tube defect is a form of congenital malformation that can occur in the early embryonic period and result in child morbidity and mortality. Little emphasis is given to congenital anomalies, especially neural tube defects, which are significant causes of child death. Ethiopia is one of the countries with a high estimated prevalence of neural tube defects. So, identifying factors contributing to it would be significant for planning risk reduction and preventive strategies. Therefore this study aimed to identify determinants of neural tube defects among neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care units. Methods: A hospital-based, unmatched case control study was conducted on 104 cases and 208 controls selected from neonatal intensive care units of teaching hospitals in Gedeo Zone and Sidama Region, southern Ethiopia. All neural tube defect cases admitted at the time of the data collection period were included, and controls were selected using a simple random sampling method. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 25. Binary logistic regression was used, and variables with a P value less than 0.25 in bivariate analysis were entered into the multivariable logistic regression model. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was estimated, and finally, variables that show a level of P value less than 0.05 in multivariable analysis were declared statistically significant. Result; after controlling confounders, factors like unplanned pregnancy 2.20(1.20- 4.041), history of abortions 2.09(1.19-3.67), khat chewing 6.67(2.95-15.06), antipyretic and analgesic medications 2.87(1.47-5.56) and, being a female neonate 2.11(1.21-3.67) were significantly associated with a neural tube defect. Conclusion: In this study, different determinants were identified and linked with neural tube defects .hence, the behavioral, medical, and obstetrical conditions of mothers need serious evaluation in the pre-pregnancy period. So it is highly recommended to improve preconception counseling and prenatal care practices, which could reduce the risk of neural tube defects.