A cataract is a condition that causes 17 million people to experience blindness and is the most significant cause of vision loss, around 47.9%. The formation of cataracts is linked to both the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the reduction of endogenous antioxidants. ROS are highly reactive molecules produced by oxygen. Examples of ROS include peroxides, super-oxides, and hydroxyl radicals. ROS are produced in cellular responses to xenobiotics and bacterial invasion and during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Excessive ROS can trigger oxidative stress that initiates the progression of eye lens opacities. ROS and other free radicals are highly reactive molecules because their outer orbitals have one or more unpaired electrons and can be neutralized by electron-donating compounds, such as antioxidants. Examples of natural antioxidant compounds are vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene. Numerous studies have demonstrated that plants contain numerous antioxidant compounds that can be used as cataract preventatives or inhibitors. Natural antioxidant extracts for cataract therapy may be investigated further in light of these findings, which show that consuming a sufficient amount of antioxidant-rich plants is an excellent approach to cataract prevention. Several other natural compounds also prevent cataracts by inhibiting aldose reductase and preventing apoptosis of the eye lens.

Abstrak: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) adalah terkumpulnya cairan serosa di bawah lapisan epitel pigmen retina yang mengakibatkan terlepasnya retina neurosensorik (detachment). Keadaan ini dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor risiko, termasuk stres psikologik. Jenis kelamin laki-laki merupakan salah satu faktor risiko CSC. Terapi kondisi psikologik merupakan pena-nganan utama CSC yang diinduksi oleh stres kerja. Kami melaporkan seorang laki-laki berusia 27 tahun yang datang ke Poliklinik Mata RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital dengan keluhan kekaburan mata kanan yang mendadak sejak seminggu lalu tanpa didahului oleh nyeri pada mata. Pasien juga mengalami kesulitan dalam membaca teks dan mengenali wajah bila hanya menggunakan mata kanannya. Pasien telah pergi ke optik tetapi tidak mendapatkan ukuran kacamata yang sesuai. Pasien bekerja sebagai tenaga administrasi dan akhir-akhir ini mendapatkan beban kerja berlebihan. Pasien mengakui bahwa ia mengalami kesulitan dalam mengatur aktivitasnya, dan merasakan kelelahan sepanjang hari serta kehilangan minat kerja. Hasil pemeriksaan mata mendapatkan visus 6/15 untuk mata kanan dan visus 6/6 untuk mata kiri, dan metamorphopsia sedangkan hasil pemeriksaan oftalmoskopi memperlihatkan adanya edema dengan lingkaran kekuningan dan berbatas tidak jelas pada mata kanan. Pemeriksaan lanjut dengan OCT menunjukkan adanya cairan subretinal pada mata kanan disertai terlepasnya lapisan epitel pigmen. Saat kontrol setelah 36 hari, visus mata kanan telah membaik 6/6F2 dan peme-riksaan OCT menunjukkan penurunan tebal makula dari 289 μm pada kunjugan pertama men-jadi 190 μm, serta tidak tampak adanya cairan subretinal. Simpulan kasus ini ialah central serous chorioretinopathy yang diinduksi oleh stres kerja, dengan penanganan utama ialah terapi psikologik untuk memperbaiki kualitas hidup.Kata kunci: central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), stres kerja Abstract: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a condition where serous fluid builds up in the retinal pigment epithelium layer which causes neurosensory retinal detachment. This condition is affected by many risk factors, including psychological stress. Male gender is one of the risk factors for CSC. Treatment to the patient's psychological condition can be the main therapy in handling CSC induced by work stress. We reported a 27-year-old male came to the eye clinic at Prof. dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital complaining of sudden blurred vision in his right eye a week ago without initial pain in the eye. The patient also experienced difficulty in reading text and recognizing people’s face using the right eye. The patient went to an optic store but he did not find suitable glasses. The patient works as an administrative employee and is currently getting a heavy workload at his workplace. The patient admitted that he had issues in managing his life in a day. Patients felt tired throughout the day and had no interest in making any activities. The results of the eye examination showed vision 6/15 in the right eye and 6/6 in the left eye, metamorphopsia, edema with a yellowish circle with an unclear border on the right eye using ophthalmoscopy examination, and a subretinal fluid image in the patient's right eye with epithelial detachment pigment acquired through the examination with OCT. After 36 days from the first visit, the right eye vision was improved to 6/6 F2 and OCT examination resulted in a decrease in macula thickness from 289 μm at the first visit to 190 μm, and there was no subretinal fluid. In conclusion, this was a CSC case induced by work stress, and the main treatment was psychological therapy in order to improve the quality of life (QoL).Keywords: central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), work stress

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a condition where there is an accumulation of serous fluid in the retinal pigment epithelium layer. The abnormality in the retinal pigment layer of the eye causes vision loss and serous detachment. CSC has a variety of causes, one of which is corticosteroid therapy. This article aims to report a case of a 27-year-old male patient who was diagnosed with CSC. The risk factor indicating CSC, in this case, was long-term oral and the use of a nasal spray to treat patient's allergic rhinitis. Patients have allergic rhinitis and sneezing. Thus, they are administered to consume tablets of 16 mg methylprednisolone three times a day. The patient has a history of using a nasal spray containing 0.05% mometasone furoate monohydrate for ten years in a row. The patient's visual acuity is 6/6 on his right eye and 6/15 on his left eye. Posterior segment examination and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were considered effective in identifying the features of patients with CSC, and thus both were administered. It was further found that steroid therapy replacement and healthier lifestyle adjustments could sustain the symptoms and improve the patient's wellbeing.

Esodeviation is an ocular anomaly in which the visual axis has a manifest or latent misalignment. Diagnosis of this anomaly needs a further thorough examination of an ophthalmologist. This study was aimed to obtain the profile of esodeviation patients at Ophthalmology Clinic of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado. This was a descriptive retrospective study using the medical record data of patients with esodeviation from January 2014 to August 2017. There were 21 patients with esodeviation during that period of time, consisted of 13 males (61.9%) and 8 females (38.1%). The age range was 1-12 years old with the highest percentage in 5 years old (16 patients; 76.1%). The esodeviation types were esotropia accounted in 15 patients (71.4%) and esophoria in 6 patients (28.6%). Refraction anomalies were the most common etiology of esodeviation (57.1%). Squint was the main complaint (61.9%) and 22 degree prism was the most deviation degree (66.7%). Conclusion: In this study, esodeviation was most common in males, age under 5 years, esotropia type, squint as the main complaint, with refraction anomaly as the main cause, and deviation less than 22 degrees prism.Keywords: esodeviation, esotropia, esoforia, etiology, deviation degreeAbstrak: Esodeviasi adalah keadaan dimana aksis visual tidak lurus baik manifes maupun laten. Diagnosis esodeviasi memerlukan pemeriksaan lebih lanjut dari seorang dokter ahli mata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan profil klinis esodeviasi di Poliklinik Mata RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado dengan menggunakan data rekam medik pasien dari Januari 2014 hingga Agustus 2017. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan sebanyak 21 pasien, terdiri dari 13 pasien (61,9%) laki-laki dan 8 pasien (38,1%) perempuan. Rentang usia berkisar 1-12 tahun dengan usia terbanyak di bawah 5 tahun sebanyak 16 pasien (76,1%). Tipe esodeviasi terbanyak ialah esotropia sebanyak 15 pasien (71,4%) dan esoforia sebanyak 6 pasien (28,6%). Etiologi terbanyak ialah kelainan refraksi (57,1%). Keluhan utama pasien berobat ialah mata terlihat juling (61,9%) dan derajat deviasi terbanyak ialah kurang dari 22 derajat prisma (66,7%). Simpulan: Pada penelitian ini, esodeviasi terutama dijumpai pada jenis kelamin laki-laki, usia <5 tahun, tipe esotropia, keluhan mata juling, dengan etiologi kelainan refraksi, dan derajat deviasi <22 derajat prisma.Kata kunci: esodeviasi, estotropia, esoforia, etiologi, derajat deviasi

Nowadays, the popularity of contact lens increases progressively, not only in refractive anomaly correction but also in fashion purposes. Albeit, among contact lens wearers, there is a tendency of the occurence of eye infection, especially the cornea. We reported a 13-year-old female that came to the Eye Departement of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado with the main complaint of blurred left eye since a week ago. Physical examination resulted in normal right eye and its visual acuity was within normal limit (6/6). Examination of the left eye resulted in visual acuity of 1/300, palpebral blepharospasm, conjunctival and ciliar injections, anterior stromal defect of 3x5 mm in the cornea, and hypopion <1mm in the anterior chamber. The ultrasound examination showed spreading aggregations and turbidity of the vitreous body. This patient was diagnosed as emmetropia of the right eye and contact-lens-induced endophthalmitis of the left eye. The therapy consisted of tobramycin, artificial tears, polyvinylpyrrolidone, vitamin C, mefenamic acid, and chlorpheniramine maleate tablet. Although there was improvement of visual acuity and clinical signs during 8-day hospitalization, the prognosis was good for ad vitam but poor for functionam and sanationam. This case indicates that education to the contact lens wearers is still needed even in this modern era.Keywords: contact lens, endophthalmitisAbstrak: Dewasa ini, lensa kontak mengalami peningkatan popularitas yang pesat, bukan saja dalam hal kelainan refraksi tetapi juga untuk keperluan mode. Pemakaian lensa kontak berisiko terjadinya infeksi pada mata, terutama kornea. Kami melaporkan seorang perempuan berusia 13 tahun, datang ke Poliklinik Ilmu Kesehatan Mata, RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado dengan keluhan pandangan mata kiri kabur sejak satu minggu lalu. Pada pemeriksaan fisik ditemukan mata kanan (OD) dalam batas normal dengan visus 6/6. Pada mata kiri (OS) didapatkan visus 1/300, blefarospasme palpebra, injeksi konjungtiva dan silier, pada kornea terdapat defek 1/3 anterior stroma dengan ukuran 3x5 mm, dan pada kamera okuli anterior terdapat hipopion setinggi <1 mm. Hasil pemeriksaan USG dari OS menunjukkan gambaran agregat yang menyebar dan kekeruhan vitreus. Pasien didiagnosis dengan emetropia okuli dekstra dan endoftalmitis okuli sinistra yang diinduksi penggunaan lensa kontak. Terapi yang diberikan ialah antibiotika tobramisin, artificial tears, polyvinylpyrrolidone, vitamin C, asam mefenamat, dan klorfeniramin maleat tablet. Pasien mengalami perbaikan visus dan gejala klinis selama delapan hari rawat inap. Prognosis pasien tergolong baik untuk prognosis ad vitam tetapi tergolong buruk untuk functionam dan sanationam. Kasus ini mengindikasikan bahwa edukasi terhadap pengguna lensa kontak tetap diperlukan dalam era modern ini.Kata kunci: lensa kontak, endoftalmitis