Meeting the growing energy demand for sustainability and environmental friendly fuels is a continuous process. Several oxygenated fuels were tried and tested according to the availability depending upon the geographical locations to find a solution against rapidly depleting fossil fuels (gasoline and diesel). In the present investigation, the viability of waste fry cooking oil converted into biodiesel fuel and its various physiocochemical properties was evaluated. In this regard, the performance and emission of a CI engine was compared using biodiesel fuel and mineral diesel fuel. Experimental research was performed on a single-cylinder agricultural CI engine with indirect injection, and biodiesel fuel was used with three different types of fry oils. The fry oil was classified as one-time fry, two-time fry, and three-time fry. Engine efficiency and tail pipe emission attributes were evaluated for the three different fuels. The different fuel blends used for the experiment were B60 and B80 and were tested at full load, at different engine speed (rpm). It was found that brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased with increasing speed, whereas brake thermal efficiency reduced with increasing engine speed. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) reduces with increase in the engine speed because of a poor air–fuel ratio at high speed. CO2 emission is higher because of the higher density and heating value of the biodiesel fuel, which depends on the blending ratio and the frying time of the fuel. It was also encountered that NOx emission was higher for maximum test fuels except one-time fry waste cooking oil biodiesel at 60% blend, which showed lower NOx than diesel fuel. Smoke opacity in both the blends have a decreasing trend with increasing speed and are lower than pure diesel. The 1FWCOB (fry waste cooking oil biodiesel), 2FWCOB, and 3FWCOB fuel exhaust gas temperature (EGT) is reduced because of higher cetane number and lower heating value. Based on the result obtained, it was concluded that by increasing the frying time of the soya bean waste cooking biodiesel, the emission characteristics and engine performance were affected. The need for sustainable fuel is important, thus the use of waste fry cooking oil is a potential replacement for diesel.

Compression ignition (CI) engines are popular in the transport sector because of their high compression ratio. However, in recent years, it has become a major concern from an environmental point of view because of the emission and depleting fossil fuel. The advanced combustion concept has been a popular research topic in the CI engine. Low-temperature combustion with alternate fuel has helped in reducing the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emission of the engine. Biogas is a popular substitute of energy especially deduced from biomass because of its clean combustion properties, as well it being a renewable energy source compared to non-renewable diesel resources. In experiments with dual fuel, i.e., conventional diesel and alternate fuel (biogas) were carried out through them. In the present study, an artificial neural network model was used to estimate emissions and check the attributes of performance. Different algorithms and training functions were used to train the models. However, the best training algorithm was Levenberge Marquardt and the training function was Tansig (Hyperbolic tangent sigmoid) and Logsig (logarithmic sigmoid), which showed the best result with regression coefficient (R > 0.98) and Mean square error (MSE < 0.001). The best model was trained by evaluating MSE and regression coefficient. Experimental results and artificial neural network (ANN) prediction showed that the experimental results were similar to each other and lie at the same intervals. The ANN model helped in predicting experimental data that were earlier difficult to experimentally perform using interpolation and extrapolations. It was observed that there was an increase in Brake Specific Energy Consumption (BSEC) and a decrease in Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) with improved biogas flow rate and reduced NOx emission in the combustion chamber. Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions increase linearly with the increase in biogas flow rate, whereas smoke opacity decreases. It could be concluded that this study helps in understanding the effect of dual fuel (diesel-biogas) combustion under different load conditions of the engine with the help of ANN, which could be a substitute fuel and help to protect the environment.

The major contributor of pollution in the environment has been because of the transportation sector. Compression ignition engine has been a popular engine in the transportation sector. Compression ignition engines have been very popular in the power plants and marine engine because of its high compression ratio. Compressors and reciprocating engine(cylinder-piston) are the mechanical assembly in an IC engine. Change in air fuel mixture in the cylinder improves the combustion and emission. Rising concern for the environmental emission, strict rules have been implemented because of which automobile manufactures have to modify the engine to suit better the emission standards. Depleting fossil fuels and rising emission standards, biodiesel blend has gained interest as an alternate fuel, for being used in CI engine. Biodiesel could be produced from waste and non-edible oils, shows similar properties to conventional diesel fuel. Waste cooking oil as biodiesel have gained interest in the researchers. Employing waste cooking oil biodiesel in a CI engine, it was important to analyses the effect on cylinder and piston. This paper analyses and compares the thermal effect of the waste cooking oil biodiesel with conventional diesel on the piston of a CI engine.

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The transport industry has been an important sector, and controls a major portion in the country’s economy. The transport sector are mainly dependent on fossil fuels. The amount of fossil fuels is limited and if we deplete the fossil fuels the future will be doubtful. The use of fossil fuels generate a lot of hazardous pollution such as CO, unburnt HC, NOx and emission of greenhouse gases. Recently the environmental problems are increasing day by day because of the emissions. Therefore there is requirement to shift to cleaner fuels or alternate fuels. As the emissions are rising the demand for alternate fuels are increasing day by day. It is estimated that in the US, transportation sector consumes about 62% of the oil imported. Because of the rise in demand many researches have been made in the field of alternate fuels. Fuels with high oxygen content have the possibility to be used as an alternate fuel. Biodiesel is a substitute of diesel fuel, compound of ester (higher oxygen content). Another alternate to conventional fuels if the electric vehicles. The hybrid electric vehicle are mainly of two types on the basis of powertrain, firstly parallel and secondly series. The paper is a review work on different types of fuels used and throws light on the upper hand and downsides of the different fuels used. It also exhibits the effect of these fuels on the environment.