A cross-sectional study was conducted at the "Centre de l'Appui Psycho-Médico-Social (APMS)" which is a centre for Psychological and Medical Support in N'Djamena (Chad) from January to March 2014. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) and viral load level and CD4 count in seventy-six (76) HIV-1 infected pregnant women on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Urine culture and bacteria identification were performed by using a chromogenic culture medium (UriselectR4). T CD4 + lymphocytes count and viral load measurement were done respectively on PIMA TM test and Abbott m2000 RealTime HIV-1. In this study, 25 (32.9%) pregnant women were carrying ASB and major bacteria; Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae known to cause neonatal meningitis to newborns were identified. Bacteria were isolated mainly in women with CD4 lymphocytes < 200 cells/mm 3 (60%) (15/25) and a viral load > 3log (70%) (19/25). Besides the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV, which remains a goal, it is important to prevent also the transmission of other microorganisms causing neonatal * Corresponding authors. infections. Our findings support the needs to do bacteriological analysis of urine in every HIV-infected pregnant woman at least in late pregnancy.

The objective of this study is to determine the resistance profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains towards antibiotics in N'Djamena (CHAD). This a cross-sectional and prospective study, conducted at the Mother and Child Hospital (MCH) in N'djamena, from February to July 2016 on 550 urine samples. Uroculture and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed according to MCH laboratory standards. Germ isolation was performed on Cetrimide agar and identification by API 20 NE gallery. The antibiogram was determined by the microgram method on Mueller-Hinton agar. A total of 15/550 (2.72%) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were identified. These strains showed low resistance between 6.66% and 13.33% to Cefixime, Colistin, Gentamycin, Ciprofloxacin and Tobramycin. On the other hand, a high resistance (100%) was observed with Augmentin, Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Imipenem, Vancomycin, Oxacillin, Erythromycin and Tetracycline. The emergence of multiresistant bacterial strains is a major public health problem that requires adequate and adapted antibiotic therapy. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the bacteria whose monitoring is more than necessary to defect the appearance of multidrug resistant strains. Given the involvement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in several infectious pathologies, a monitoring of its profile with respect to antibiotics must be systematically carried out in all the health structures that have adequate technical platforms allowing them to perform an antibiogram.

Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial properties of hydroethanol extracts of Bauhinia rufescens L. and Euphorbia hirta L. Methodology and results: The hydroethanol extracts of Bauhinia rufescens L. and Euphorbia hirta L.; two plants of the Chadian traditional pharmacopoeia used in the treatment of infantile diarrhoea and gastroenteritis in adults were submitted to in vitro tests in order to highlight their antibacterial and antifungal properties. The method of microdilution in liquid medium coupled with spreading on agar medium was used for the tests. The microbial strains used consisted of 13 hospital bacterial strains and 6 reference strains including a yeast strain of the Candida albicans ATCC 90028 species. The results obtained confirm the antimicrobial properties of Bauhinia rufescens L. and Euphorbia hirta L. because at 50 mg/ml, they inhibit 100% the growth of gram positive and Gram-negative bacilli tested. On the other hand, for Candida albicans ATCC 90028, it is only the extract of Euphorbia hirta that was active at 50 mg/ml. Conclusion: In view of these results, we can say that these plants have an antibacterial activity and that their use in traditional phytotherapy is justified.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, HIV affects lots of women of childbearing age; without prevention they can transmit the virus to their child. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the center of Psycho Medico-Social Support (APMS) in N'Djamena, Chad from January 2014 to March 2015. Our sampling concerned HIV-1 infected pregnant women followed up for PMTCT and their newborn. CD4+ lymphocytes and HIV-1 viral load were tested respectively with PIMA TM and Abbott m2000 Real Time in mothers. Early infant diagnosis of HIV-1 was done in Children using PCR tool (Abbott m2000 Real Time). Pregnant women included in the study had a median age of 25 years (IQR, 22-30 years). Most of them (75.6%) (34/45), were under combination ART (TDF + 3TC or FTC + EFV).