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The early detection of congenital anomaly epidemics occurs when comparing current with previous frequencies in the same population. The success of epidemiologic surveillance depends on numerous factors, including the accuracy of the rates available in the base period, wide population coverage, and short periodicity of analysis. This study aims to describe the Latin American network of congenital malformation surveillance: ReLAMC, created to increase epidemiologic surveillance in Latin America. We describe the main steps, tasks, strategies used, and preliminary results. From 2017 to 2019, five national registries (Argentina [RENAC], Brazil [SINASC/SIM‐BRS], Chile [RENACH], Costa Rica [CREC], Paraguay [RENADECOPY‐PNPDC]), six regional registries (Bogotá [PVSDC‐Bogota], Cali [PVSDC‐Cali], Maule [RRMC SSM], Nicaragua [SVDC], Nuevo‐León [ReDeCon HU], São Paulo [SINASC/SIM‐MSP]) and the ECLAMC hospital network sent data to ReLAMC on a total population of 9,152,674 births, with a total of 101,749 malformed newborns (1.1%; 95% CI 1.10–1.12). Of the 9,000,651 births in countries covering both live and stillbirths, 88,881 were stillborn (0.99%; 95% CI 0.98–0.99), and among stillborns, 6,755 were malformed (7.61%; 95% CI 7.44–7.79). The microcephaly rate was 2.45 per 10,000 births (95% CI 2.35–2.55), hydrocephaly 3.03 (2.92–3.14), spina bifida 2.89 (2.78–3.00), congenital heart defects 15.53 (15.27–15.79), cleft lip 2.02 (1.93–2.11), cleft palate and lip 2.77 (2.66–2.88), talipes 2.56 (2.46–2.67), conjoined twins 0.16 (0.14–0.19), and Down syndrome 5.33 (5.18–5.48). Each congenital anomaly showed heterogeneity in prevalence rates among registries. The harmonization of data in relation to operational differences between registries is the next step in developing the common ReLAMC database.

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ObjectiveThe Latin American Network of Congenital Malformations: ReLAMC was established in 2017 to provide accurate congenital anomaly surveillance. This study used data from ReLAMC registries to quantify the prevalence of microcephaly from 2010 to 2017 (before, during and after the Zika virus epidemic).DesignNine ReLAMC congenital anomaly registries provided case-level data or aggregate data for any live births, still births or terminations of pregnancy with microcephaly. Births to pregnant women infected with Zika virus first occurred in Brazil in 2015, and in the remaining registry areas in 2016 with the exception of Chile that did not experience Zika virus. Therefore the prevalence of microcephaly for 2010–2014 and individual years 2015, 2016 and 2017 was estimated using multilevel random effect Poisson models. Clinical classification and characteristics of the cases were compared pre and post Zika for all centres providing individual case-level data.ResultsThe prevalence of microcephaly for all registries excluding Brazil was 2.3 per 10 000 (95% CI 2.0 to 2.6) for 2010–2014 rising to 5.4 (95% CI 4.8 to 6.0) in 2016 and 5.9 (95% CI 5.3 to 6.6) in 2017. Brazil had a prevalence of 0.6 per 10 000 (95% CI 0.5 to 0.6) in 2010–2014, rising to 5.8 (95% CI 5.6 to 6.1) in 2015, 8.0 (95% CI 7.6 to 8.3) in 2016 and then falling in 2017. Only 29 out of 687 cases of microcephaly were reported as congenital Zika syndrome in countries excluding Brazil.ConclusionsThe prevalence of microcephaly was influenced both by Zika causing congenital Zika syndrome and by increased reporting awareness.

Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la tendencia de los diferentes tipos de defectos congénitos en la tasa de mortalidad infantil y neonatal en Costa Rica durante el período 2010-2018 con respecto al primer período 2000-2009.Métodos. Se realizó un análisis de estadísticas vitales. La fuente de información fue el Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos de Costa Rica, mediante su sistema de acceso público y consulta en línea, se consultó la base de defunciones por causa y la base de nacimientos para el período 2000-2018. Las causas de defunción por defectos congénitos se agruparon por sistemas, además se seleccionaron los defectos de mayor mortalidad en el periodo de estudio para su análisis específico. Para describir el comportamiento de la mortalidad infantil por defectos congénitos de 2010-2018 con respecto al decenio anterior, se calcularon tasas de mortalidad infantil y neonatal para los períodos 2000-2009 y 2010-2018 con su respectivo intervalo de confianza (IC95%). Se construyó un modelo de regresión Poisson Log lineal para cada grupo de defectos congénitos y para los defectos específicos seleccionados, tomando como factor de ajuste los subperíodos comparados. Se estimaron razones de prevalencias y se compararon mediante chi cuadrado de Wald usando como base el período 2000-2009. Resultados. En las últimas dos décadas, los defectos congénitos causaron 29% a 38% de la mortalidad infantil general. La tasa de mortalidad infantil por defectos congénitos durante 2000-2009 fue 3,19 (IC95%: 3,1-3,3) y descendió significativamente a 2,97 (IC95%: 2,8-3,1) en el período 2010-2018. Esta disminución se dio a expensas de la afectación de los sistemas circulatorio y digestivo. Al analizar la mortalidad infantil por defectos congénitos específicos, se demostró una disminución significativa únicamente en espina bífida y algunos defectos cardiacos: transposición de grandes arterias, defecto septal ventricular, coartación aorta y otras anomalías cardiacas no especificadas. La tasa de mortalidad neonatal por defectos congénitos no varió significativamente entre los períodos comparados, en 2000-2009 fue 2,13 (IC95%: 2,0-2,2) y 2,17 (IC95%: 2,1-2,3) en 2010-2018. El único grupo de defectos congénitos que presentó una disminución significativa en la tasa de mortalidad neonatal en la última década fue el sistema circulatorio. Conclusiones. En la última década se presentó una disminución significativa de la tasa de mortalidad infantil por defectos congénitos. Este descenso obedeció principalmente a una disminución significativa en las tasas de mortalidad infantil y neonatal por defectos cardiacos.