-Caatinga is the most important biome for the livestock in the Brazilian semi-arid region. This review paper aimed to present information on different forage aspects of caatinga vegetation for ruminant feeding. Caatinga vegetation is formed mainly by shrubs and small trees, usually presenting thorns, deciduous leaves, and leaf abscission occurring frequently at the onset of the dry season. Additional components of the botanical composition in this biome includes the families cactaceae, bromeliaceae, and a herbaceous component formed by grasses, legumes, and forbs, often presenting annual cycle. Quantitative information of caatinga vegetation is scarce in the literature, mainly for the herbaceous stratum. Methodological aspects such as lack of standardization across evaluations make comparison regarding forage potential of caatinga plant species difficult. Index species must be identified within each caatinga type. Quantitative aspects of biological N 2 fixation by caatinga species have not been extensively studied. Regarding forage nutritive value, it is necessary to study N availability for ruminants in caatinga plants, since large proportion of this element may bind to fiber components (ADIN). Manipulation of caatinga vegetation is an alternative to change forage quantity and quality for grazing animals, affecting their performance as a result. Studies measuring qualitative and quantitative variability of native forage resources from caatinga are mandatory in order to improve animal feeding management, with the ultimate goal of creating sustainable animal production based on caatinga vegetation.Key Words: chemical composition, native plant, quantitative aspect, semi-arid Potencial de plantas forrageiras da Caatinga na alimentação de ruminantesRESUMO -Considerando a importância do bioma Caatinga na pecuária da região semiárida brasileira, o presente trabalho objetivou apresentar informações sobre diferentes aspectos forrageiros de plantas da caatinga, com vistas à alimentação de ruminantes. A vegetação de caatinga é constituída por arbustos e árvores de pequeno porte, geralmente dotados de espinhos, sendo caducifólias, em sua maioria, perdendo suas folhas no início da estação seca. Complementam ainda a composição botânica desse bioma, cactáceas, bromeliáceas e um componente herbáceo, formado por gramíneas e dicotiledôneas, predominantemente anuais. Informações, principalmente sobre o aspecto quantitativo de plantas da caatinga, notadamente para o estrato herbáceo ainda são escassas. Dificuldades e desuniformidade de metodologias de avaliação, além de falta de detalhamento das metodologias utilizadas, dificultam a comparação de resultados quanto ao potencial forrageiro de algumas plantas. A fixação biológica de N atmosférico por espécies da caatinga até o momento foi pouco estudada, notadamente quanto aos aspectos quantitativos.Faz-se necessária uma avaliação mais profunda sobre a disponibilidade do nitrogênio, uma vez que parte deste pode estar ligado a parede celular (NIDA). A manipulação da caatinga ...
Ensiling warm-season grasses often requires wilting due to their high moisture content, and the presence of low-soluble sugars in these grasses usually demands the use of additives during the ensiling process. This study evaluated the bromatological composition of the fodder and silage from five Pennisetum sp. clones (IPA HV 241, IPA/UFRPE Taiwan A-146 2.114, IPA/UFRPE Taiwan A-146 2.37, Elephant B, and Mott). The contents of 20 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) silos, which were opened after 90 days of storage, were used for the bromatological analysis and the evaluation of the pH, nitrogen, ammonia, buffer capacity, soluble carbohydrates, and fermentation coefficients. The effluent losses, gases and dry matter recovery were also calculated. Although differences were observed among the clones (p < 0.05) for the concentrations of dry matter, insoluble nitrogen in acid detergents, insoluble nitrogen in neutral detergents, soluble carbohydrates, fermentation coefficients, and in vitro digestibility in the forage before ensiling, no differences were observed for most of these variables after ensiling. All of the clones were efficient in the fermentation process. The IPA/UFRPE TAIWAN A-146 2.37 clone, however, presented a higher dry matter concentration and the best fermentation coefficient, resulting in a better silage quality, compared to the other clones.
RESUMOConsiderando a importância do uso da ensilagem como alternativa dos sistemas de alimentação animal, essa revisão objetiva apresentar resultados recentes disponíveis na literatura sobre alguns fatores que afetam o valor nutritivo da silagem, notadamente de forrageiras tropicais. A utilização de silagem na alimentação animal é uma prática importante na sustentabilidade dos sistemas produtivos, considerando os custos com alimentação animal, principalmente nos períodos seco do ano. A ensilagem de subprodutos da indústria pode ser uma importante ferramenta para diminuir a dependência de insumos externos, além de diminuir a contaminação ambiental por esses resíduos. As mudanças e perdas durante a ensilagem são influenciadas pelas características da planta forrageira e estão também associadas às práticas de manejo, colheita e armazenamento. Os fatores que influenciam no processo de ensilagem são muitos e agem isoladamente ou interagem entre si, que precisam ser considerados para obtenção de silagem de maior qualidade e mais estáveis. Resultados sobre a aplicação de aditivos enzimáticos ou sua associação com inoculantes em forrageiras tropicais são controversos na literatura disponível e dependentes das condições locais, concentração e tipo de inoculante, método de aplicação, qualidade da planta forrageira, microflora pré-existente, entre outros fatores. SUMMARYConsidering the importance of silage as alternative for animal feeding systems, this review aims to present recent results available in literature on factors affecting the nutritive value of silage, especially in tropical forages. Considering the cost of feed, the use of silage as animal feed is an important practice in the sustainability of production systems, especially in dry periods of the year. The ensiling of by-products of industry may be an important tool to reduce the dependence on external inputs, and reduce the environmental contamination by these residues. Changes and losses during ensilage are influenced by the characteristics of the fodder plant and are also associated with management, harvesting and storage practices. The factors that influence the process of ensilage are numerous and act alone or interact with each other, which should be considered to obtain silage of higher quality and more stable. In relation with the application of, enzymatic additives or its association with inoculants, in tropical forage, the results available in the literature are controversial and dependent on local conditions, concentration and type of inoculum, method of application, quality of forage plant, and present microflora, among other factors. INTRODUÇÃOO uso de silagens de forrageiras tropicias
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