Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS) represent a group of disorders typified by impaired production of one or several blood cell types. The telomere biology disorders dyskeratosis congenita (DC) and its severe variant Høyeraal-Hreidarsson (HH) syndrome are rare IBMFS characterized by bone marrow failure, developmental defects, and various premature aging complications associated with critically short telomeres. Here we identified biallelic variants in the gene encoding the 5'-to-3' DNA exonuclease Apollo/SNM1B in three unrelated patients presenting with a DC/HH phenotype consisting of early onset hypocellular bone marrow failure, B and NK lymphopenia, developmental anomalies, microcephaly and/or intrauterine growth retardation. All three patients carry a homozygous or compound heterozygous (in combination with a null-allele) missense variant affecting the same residue L142 (L142F or L142S) located in the catalytic domain of Apollo. Apollo-deficient cells from patients exhibited spontaneous chromosome instability and impaired DNA repair that was complemented by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene correction. Furthermore, patients' cells showed signs of telomere fragility that were however not associated with global reduction of telomere length. Unlike patients' cells, human Apollo KO HT1080-cell lines showed strong telomere dysfunction accompanied by excessive telomere shortening, suggesting that the L142S and L142F Apollo variants are hypomorphic. Collectively, these findings define human Apollo as a genome caretaker and identify biallelic Apollo variants as a genetic cause of a hitherto unrecognized severe IBMFS combining clinical hallmarks of DC/HH with normal telomere length.
RESUMENLa esclerosis tuberosa es una enfermedad autosómica dominante con gran variabilidad de expresión clínica. Se caracteriza por la presencia de tumores benignos en distintos órganos debidos a un desorden en la proliferación y diferenciación celular. Afecta, especialmente, la piel, el sistema nervioso central, el corazón y el riñón. El compromiso intestinal es infrecuente; afecta a adultos y compromete el colon sigmoide y el recto. En niños, hay solo dos casos descritos en la literatura; nuestra paciente sería el tercero. Presentamos a una paciente con esclerosis tuberosa, que comenzó, desde el mes de vida, con cuadros reiterados de suboclusión intestinal. La videocolonoscopía mostró una formación mamelonada que protruía hacia la luz del colon ascendente. Se realizó una hemicolectomía derecha. El informe anatomopatológico correspondió a un pólipo hamartomatoso. La evolución clínica y nutricional en el posquirúrgico fue muy favorable. Aunque poco frecuente, el pólipo hamartomatoso debe considerarse en el diagnóstico diferencial de oclusión intestinal en pediatría. Palabras clave: esclerosis tuberosa, obstrucción intestinal, pólipos, hamartoma, pediatría. ABSTRACTTuberous sclerosis is an autosomal dominant disorder with a wide clinical spectrum of disease. It is characterized by development of benign tumors in multiple organs due to a disturbance in cellular growth and differentiation. It usually affects skin, brain, heart and kidney. Gastrointestinal involvement is rare and mainly restricted to adults and sigmoid colon and rectum. In children there are only two cases; our patient would be the third. We present a patient with tuberous sclerosis who began at the first month of life with repeated intestinal subocclusion. Obstrucción colónica por pólipo hamartomatoso en una paciente pediátrica con esclerosis tuberosaBowel obstruction by hamartomatous polyp in a pediatric patient with tuberous sclerosisThe videocolonoscopy showed a mass protruding into the lumen of the ascending colon. Right hemicolectomy was performed. The anatomopathological report corresponded to a hamartomatous polyp. The clinical and nutritional evolution in the postoperative period was very favorable. Although uncommon, the hamartomatous polyp should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intestinal occlusion in pediatrics. INTRODUCCIÓNLa esclerosis tuberosa (ET) es una enfermedad d e h e r e n c i a a u t o s ó m i c a d o m i n a n t e c o n penetrancia cercana al 100%. Fenotípicamente, tiene una gran variabilidad de expresión clínica. Se caracteriza por la presencia de tumores benignos en distintos órganos (con predominio de la piel, el cerebro, el corazón y el riñón) debidos a un desorden en la proliferación y diferenciación celular. El compromiso intestinal es muy infrecuente.En esta oportunidad, presentamos a una paciente con diagnóstico de ET que desarrolló una obstrucción intestinal provocada por la presencia de una formación polipoide hamartomatosa en el colon ascendente. CASO CLÍNICONiña nacida a término con peso adecuado a...
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