Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a common inherited mitochondrial disorder that is characterized by the degeneration of the optic nerves, leading to vision loss. The major mutations in the mitochondrial genes ND1, ND4, and ND6 of LHON subjects are found to increase the oxidative stress experienced by the optic nerve cell, thereby leading to nerve cell damage. Accurate treatments are not available and drugs that are commercially available like Idebenone, EPI-743, and Bendavia with their antioxidant role help in reducing the oxidative stress experienced by the cell thereby preventing the progression of the disease. Genetic counseling plays an effective role in making the family members aware of the inheritance pattern of the disease. Gene therapy is an alternative for curing the disease but is still under study. This review focuses on the role of mitochondrial genes in causing LHON and therapeutics available for treating the disease. A systematic search has been adopted in various databases using the keywords “LHON,” “mitochondria,” “ND1,” “ND4,” “ND6,” and “therapy” and the following review on mitochondrial genetics and therapeutics of LHON has been developed with obtained articles from 1988 to 2017.

Raynaud's phenomenon is a rare side effect of CGRP monoclonal antibodies. These molecular treatments are a relatively new class of drugs for the prevention of migraine. It is likely that we will see this side effect more often in the future. Patients with a background of Raynaud's phenomenon may experience worsening of their symptoms if started on these treatments.

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Purpose: Cancer is the leading challenge to human health since the dawn of early Egyptian manuscripts, where they found tumour from fossils in the modernized twentieth century. Increasing rate of incidence and death from cancer in the past few years is thought provoking. Among all type of cancers, breast cancer is very common among women and diverse in character. Drug resistance is the challenging aspect for traditional chemotherapy. Methods: Data was collected from online platform without any time restriction. After screening and evaluation, 66 articles were considered for this study. This review is a summarized collection of information from published studies on human genes associated with drug resistance in breast cancer treatment. Results: Analysis of these findings highlights the importance of MAP kinase and ABC gene families in creating resistance barriers. Genes involved in cell cycle alteration, apoptosis, and hippo pathway were also linked with drug resistance particularly in breast cancer. Conclusion: The exact mechanism of chemotherapy resistance is still unresolved and unexplained the drug resistance seen in breast cancer patients were multifactorial. Drug induced up regulation or down regulation of genes contributes unusual protein expression and ultimately leads to resistance. The ultimate focus of this review is to identify the genes having pivotal role in chemotherapy resistance in breast cancer.

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