INTROduCTION In numerous countries legislation has been put in place allowing citizens to appoint persons authorized to make medical decisions on their behalf, should the principal lose such decision-making capacity. ObjECTIvEs The paper aimed to prepare a draft proposal of legal regulations introducing into Polish legislation the institution of the health care agent. PATIENTs ANd mEThOds The draft proposal has been grounded in 6 expertise workshops, in conjunction with several online debates. REsuLTs The right to appoint a health care agent should apply to all persons of full legal capacity, and to minors over 16 years of age. Every non-legally incapacitated adult person would be eligible to be appointed a health care agent. Appointment of substitute agents should also be legally provided for. The prerogatives of health care agents would come into effect upon the principals' loss of their decisionmaking capacity, or upon the principals' waiving their right to be provided with pertinent information on their health status. The health care agents would make decisions in all matters pertaining to medical treatment, while remaining under no obligation to perform any hands-on caring duties for their principals. The term of medical power-of-attorney should be discretionary, while its revocation or resignation should be possible at any time. In the event of health care agents' inactivity, or in the event that their actions should appear contrary to the principals' best interests, an attending physician should notify a pertinent court of law whose prerogatives would facilitate revocation of a medical power-of-attorney. CONCLusIONs Statutory appointment of a health care agent allows every citizen to appoint in this capacity a person who, to the best of his or her knowledge, would best represent his or her interests in the event that the principal should ultimately lose the capacity to make medical decisions on his or her own behalf.

Nobody should profit from crime; this fundamental moral principle is uncontroversial. At the level of public declaration, few people are likely to disagree with this statement; however, controversies arise when the implementation of this principle is under discussion. Numerous provisions exist that aim to strip criminals of the proceeds from their crimes, but not all aspects of this issue are immediately apparent. For example, a significant question is how to treat profits that a criminal makes from activities including recounting stories about their criminal activities, publishing books describing their actions, or creating YouTube videos presenting details about their crimes. Such profits are either treated as legitimate or are targeted by complicated legal methods of deprivation. The view presented in this paper could facilitate the ability to strip criminals from these forms of profit. This article argues that revenue accruing from knowledge gained from association with crime should be treated as indirect proceeds of crime and, as such, should be forfeited.

Artykuł stanowi spojrzenie na interpretację Kodeksu karnego z perspektywy koncepcji dialogowości Michaiła Bachtina. Poprzedzone ono zastało omówieniem podobieństw i różnic występujących między tekstem literackim a tekstem prawnym, na które wskazują przedstawiciele kierunku prawo i literatura. Punktem odniesienia dla czynionych rozważań był czasownik „powoduje”, analizowany z uwzględnieniem zmieniającego się kontekstu, jak również jego rozumienia przez adresatów zakazu, którego jest on częścią.

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