The objective of the study was to evaluate spatial effects of adopting environmental criteria for wind farm siting, i.e., the criteria related to the settlement system and those with regards to landscape values. The set of criteria was elaborated on the basis of literature and experience-based knowledge. Some of the criteria selected are legally binding. The analyses were carried out with the use of GIS tools. Settlement areas with 1000 and 2000 m wide buffer zones, and the areas with the highest landscape values, were assumed as particularly sensitive receptors to wind farm impacts. The results show significant constraints on wind farm siting in Poland. Although the constraints are regionally diversified, they concern 93.9 % of the total country area (1000 m buffer zone) or 99.1 % (2000 m buffer zone). Presumably even greater constraints would be revealed by an additional detailed analysis at a local level. The constraints on wind farm siting in Poland cannot be decreased, because of both social attitudes and demand for appropriate environmental standards, which should be taken into account in spatial and energy policies at all decision making level.
The paper provides an empirical analysis of the macroeconomic factors that enhance revenue gap in South Africa using the multivariate cointegration techniques for the period 1965 to 2012. The results from the cointegration analysis indicate that the revenue gap in South Africa is negatively associated with the level of imports while positively related to external debt and underground economy. The former finding is consistent with the notion that imports are subjected to more taxation than domestic activities because of certain features of international trade that tend to make tax evasion difficult. On the other hand, the positive relationship between external debt and tax gap shows that the South African government relies upon external debt to finance its budget deficit resulting from missing revenues. Furthermore, the observed negative effect of the post-apartheid dummy confirms that the tax policy reforms that South Africa introduced following the liberation in 1994 have led to a reduction in missing revenues. The results from the Granger causality test also show that there is a unidirectional causality running from imports and underground economy to revenue gap, while revenue gap on the other hand is found to Granger-cause national income and external debt in South Africa.
Streszczenie
Gleba jest jednym z elementów środowiska przyrodniczego, który często bywa narażony na zanieczyszczenia i degradację. Jednym z głównych źródeł zanieczyszczeń są obiekty gospodarki odpadami, wśród których dominują składowiska odpadów. W Polsce obiekty gospodarki odpadami są zaliczane do przedsięwzięć mogących potencjalnie znacząco oddziaływać na środowisko. Dla większości takich obiektów przeprowadzana jest ocena oddziaływania na środowisko, w ramach której sporządzany jest raport o oddziaływaniu na środowisko. Problematyka ochrony gleb jest jednak często w nim marginalizowana. Celem pracy była analiza jakości wybranych raportów o oddziaływaniu na środowisko obiektów gospodarki odpadami, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przeprowadzonej w nich analizy stanu gleb, a także przedstawienie propozycji zakresu prac, niezbędnych do rzetelnej analizy oddziaływania obiektów gospodarki odpadami na gleby. Wyniki przeprowadzonej oceny wskazują na zróżnicowany poziom wykonania w zakresie przedstawienia oddziaływania inwestycji na gleby. Przeważają opracowania ocenione negatywnie jako niezadowalające.
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