Besides the evolution of wireless communications and their across-the-board utilise due to the many advantages they provide, on other hand, microstrip antennas have been popular since ancient years. These antennas are characterized by ease of design, low cost and small size, in addition to their ability to integrate and embed with most portable applications. Despite the many benefits mentioned, these antennas suffer from many disadvantages of poor gain, narrow bandwidth, and low efficiency. In this article, a rectangular Microstrip antenna (MPA) is designed, simulated, and analysed based on the finite internal technique that is supported by the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) antenna simulation software for the 5G applications of the 28 GHz band. In order to improve the proposed MPA performance, the Frequency Selective surfaces (FSSs) are introduced. Whereas the proposed MPA is situated between two FSSs superstrates, the upper one acts as a passive bandpass filter and the lower acts as a passive bandstop filter reflecting the leakage radiation from the ground plane of the MPA.
In wireless localization systems, the performance enhancement of location estimation is an important goal. In recent years, different positioning systems using an ultra‐wide band (UWB) technology have been created, and always an evaluation metric to test such systems is needed for ensuring a suitable system for a specified application. Also, a non‐line‐of‐sight (NLOS) identification and mitigation method is needed usually when utilizing the UWB technology. The mean‐square‐error (MSE) and geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) evaluation metrics are widely implemented as standard for choosing a perfect system. In a harsh environment, a novel algorithm of indoor positioning (IP) system is presented using the UWB technology without implementing any NLOS identification and mitigation technique and the localization accuracy is evaluated online. The UWB is used to communicate a mobile station (M) with n anchor nodes distributed randomly and clustered by utilizing a combination method to create different groups, and then a conventional linearized least square (LLS) method is utilized by each group for locating M. A weighted GDOP metric is implemented online to assess the positioning accuracy of each group. Then, the group having the lowest positioning error among other groups is selected to relocate M using a proposed LLS, named modified LLS, for the selected group to enhance the positioning accuracy. The created system outperforms different IP systems in the market for the last decade in terms of time, complexity, and accuracy. The created IP system has a positioning error around 25 cm2 of MSE in a hard environment, which is less than those of different IP systems created recently in the market.
Graphene, which consists of one atomic slide made from the Carbon, and it utilized in various of the implementations like the chemical, the thermal, the mechanical, and the electrical. In this research article, a high gain plasmonic antenna array is proposed for the utilizations of the terahertz (THz) regime on the basis of the graphene material. Also, the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waves phenomena which emerged at THz in graphene are demonstrated the suggested antenna is composed of (4*6) graphene patches and a graphene Nano ribbon feeder to excite the patches deposed on the lumina layer. The simulated antenna was designed and investigated via the utilizing of the CST software. The obtained outcomes show that the antenna operation frequency bands covered a large band at the 2.6-10, 2.28-2.5, 1.87-2.14, and 1.4-1.6 THz with an S11 ≤ -10 dB and an expedient antenna gain in the operating frequency ranges.
Image recognition is one of the most important applications of information processing, in this paper; a comparison between 3-level techniques based image recognition has been achieved, using discrete wavelet (DWT) and stationary wavelet transforms (SWT), stationary-stationary-stationary (sss), stationary-stationary-wavelet (ssw), stationary-waveletstationary (sws), stationary wavelet-wavelet (sww), waveletstationary-stationary (wss), wavelet-stationary-wavelet (wsw), wavelet-wavelet-stationary (wws) and wavelet-waveletwavelet (www). A comparison between these techniques has been implemented. according to the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), root mean square error (RMSE), compression ratio (CR) and the coding noise e (n) of each third level. The two techniques that have the best results which are (sww and www) are chosen, then image recognition is applied to these two techniques using Euclidean distance and Manhattan distance and a comparison between them has been implemented., it is concluded that, sww technique is better than www technique in image recognition because it has a higher match performance (100%) for Euclidean distance and Manhattan distance than that in www..
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