Favism is most common in those who have G6PD deficiency from the Mediterranean region. As hemolytic anaemia is the most common complication of G6PD deficiency, and it can be life-threatening in certain people. Infection, hyperglycemia, certain meals, and certain drugs can all cause hemolysis therefore, the most prevalent enzymopathy is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, which affects an estimated 400 million individuals, globally. Exposure to some medicines might cause hemolytic anaemia. The most important management technique is to avoid oxidative stresses by avoiding a hemolytic crisis. Also, avoidance of exposure to food and medicines that causes  hemolytic anaemia episodes This review looks at etiology, epidemiology, pathopysiology, evaluation and management of the disease.

Neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD) is fecal incontinence or constipation which is prevalent in kids with both congenital and acquired neurological disorders. NBD results from loss of normal sensory or motor control and may include both the upper and the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract Constipation and fecal incontinence are frequent symptoms of neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD), which makes it a challenging condition to treat. Also, they have a major impact on quality of life and dignity. Bowel dysfunction is less studied compared to neurogenic bladder, generally prevelant in spina bifida, but practically as prevalent in other neurological conditions. Generally, the objective of neurogenic bowel management is to achieve complete emptying of the rectum on a systematic basis. This may be accomplished through with a multidimensional approach containing of conservative, medical and even surgical approaches. A modified Delphi procedure was used to construct a statement document. This paper discusses the various causes of paediatric NBD. Our aim is to enhance clinical management, numerous therapeutic techniques are given. Due to both the improved survival rate and better diagnosis, there are more children and teenagers with NBD. The number of children and adolescents with NBD is growing as a result of better diagnosis and a greater survival rat NBD can cause either faecal incontinence or constipation, or both, with a fair amount of predictability. However, each patient will experience NBD in a different way depending on a variety of underlying conditions and coexisting conditions. Due to the status of the affected child and caregivers, management of NBD should be individualized using a combined multidisciplinary therapy.

Child abuse represents a serious problem worldwide. In Arab countries, the problem is complicated because abuse may be perceived as a method of discipline. This review aimed to describe awareness of the public in Saudi Arabia regarding child abuse. A search was performed in the databases of MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Academic Search Complete (EBSCOhost), and Web of Science for articles published in English from the 1 st of January, 2000, to the 14 th of November, 2022. The search was conducted during the period from the 7 th to the 14 th of November 2022. The used search words were {"Child Abuse"} AND {"Saudi Arabia"} AND {"awareness"}. The risk of bias (ROB) was assessed using the Risk of Bias Instrument for Cross-Sectional Surveys of Attitudes and Practices. Six studies were included in this review. Most studies had high ROB in recruiting the participants, designing the questionnaires, and stating the rate of response. The awareness regarding physical abuse seemed fair in most studies, but the awareness about shaken baby syndrome was poor. Also, there was a misconception about the parent's right to discipline their children through corporal punishment. Most participants did not perceive a need for establishing protective laws or programs. Public awareness about emotional abuse and neglect was lower than in cases of physical abuse. The overall knowledge about child abuse seems to be fair, but poor knowledge was observed in some forms, such as shaken baby syndrome. The public concepts about physical punishment and the need for protective laws and programs are also negative and require more efforts to alter them.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a broad term that refers to a clinically heterogeneous group of arthritis that develops before the age of 16 and has no recognized cause. JIA treatment has evolved during the last two decades. Clinical trials research has been directed at more specific therapeutics based on what has been discovered about the biology of disease. Pediatric rheumatologists now have many more medications to offer patients, with the expectation that their disease will be managed, thanks to advances in immune system research and the introduction of biologic drugs in the twenty-first century. Continuing development in these biological agents and discoveries new drugs as long as developing current gene analysis techniques is the best method to treat JIA and provide best quality of life.