Coffee flour (CF) from coffee pulp or husk, solid waste of coffee processing have launched in Canada since 2015. This product is claimed as certified of gluten-free, vegan, kosher, paleo, and non-GMO. Coffe flour is stated to contain three times Fe content than fresh spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Several receipts of cookies, donuts, and cakes using CF has been introduced as wheat flour substitution. However, the scientific publication of CF impact for health does not appear until August 2018 yet. A review has been carried out using data on Google with a maximum publication age of 15 yr. This Fe non-heme prospect is allegedly unable to be absorbed optimally by the organism. Coffee pulp and husk contain an inhibitor, such as caffeine, polyphenol, calcium, dietary fiber, manganese, magnesium, and zinc; which detain Fe absorption. On the other hand, the promoter/enhancer of Fe absorption such as vitamin C, vitamin A, and amino acid was decreased in CF processing. Several types of research have to be conducted to tackle this problem in Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University Muhammadyah of Malang, Indonesia.

Lignin is limiting factor for cellulose and hemicellulose degradation in rumen. Isolation and selection bacteria from buffalo and horse gastrointestinal tract and elephant dung could be found bacteria that have superiority to degrade lignin, xylan, and cellulose. Those animals were chosen because they were herbivores that consume low quality crude fiber as their main energy sources. Lignocellulose degrading bacteria were isolated by Hungate selective media, by using lignin (tannic acid), xylan, and cellulose as selective substrates. The morphological identification used an enrichment media by measuring color, colony size, diffusion zone, clear zone, and biochemical identification using production of ligninase, xylanase, and cellulase enzymes. The best lignocellulose degrading bacteria then was determined by the morphological and biochemical character. This study showed that lignocellulose degrading bacteria could be found in gastrointestinal tract of buffalo and horse, and elephant dung. Highest number colony was found in samples from buffalo's colon (376), followed by horse's cecum ( 203), elephant's dung ( 46), buffalo's cecum ( 23), buffalo's rumen ( 9) and horse's colon (7). The highest isolates activity of lignolytic, xylanolytic, and cellulolytic were reached by buffalo's cecum (7.64), horse's cecum (6.27), and buffalo's colon (2.48). Meanwhile the highest enzymes productivities were: buffalo's cecum (0.0400 µmol), horse's cecum (1.3912 µmol) and buffalo's colon (0.1971 µmol). Based on morphologycal character and biochemical test, it could be concluded that lignolytic from buffalo's cecum, xylanolytic from horse's cecum, and cellulolytic from buffalo's colon were the superior isolates and they were 99% analyzed as Enterococcus casseliflavus/gallinarum species.

The purpose of this study is to investigate bioactive compounds of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil from different parts of the plant and distillation methods as natural antioxidant in broiler meat. Distillation of lemongrass leaves, stalk and whole plant was done by using steam water distillation and water distillation. Physical analysis conducted to lemongrass EO. Bioactive compounds identification by GC-MS and antioxidant activity was analyzed by DPPH radical scavenging test. The EO composition of lemongrass leaves, stalks and whole plant which been distilled using steam-water distillation and water distillation are very varied and have different inhibition. On steam water distillation, the EO was distilled from lemongrass stalk have the highest antioxidant activity up to 72.724% inhibition. While in water distillation method, the EO was distilled from whole plant of lemongrass have the highest antioxidant activity up to 70.113 % inhibition. Lemongrass oil can use as natural antioxidant in broiler meat.

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari tingkat kejadian kawin berulang pada ternak sapi perah di daerah tropis. Penelitian ini merupakan studi awal yang dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Sinjai, Indonesia. Sebanyak 82 ekor ternak sapi perah pada lima kelompok tani/ternak digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Sebanyak 75,6% dari 82 ternak sapi perah mengalami kebuntingan setelah beberapa kali dilakukan inseminasi buatan (IB). Tingkat kejadian kawin berulang pada daerah ini sangat tinggi (62%). IB pertama setelah melahirkan, angka konsepsi pada IB pertama, dan jarak antara melahirkan dan kembali bunting adalah 62,5±15,2 hari, 0%, dan 202,8±150,0 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang nyata antara ternak yang kawin berulang dan yang normal terhadap IB pertama setelah melahirkan (60,4±15,2 hari vs 68,3±28,6 hari). Namun demikian, ternak sapi perah dengan fertilitas normal hanya membutuhkan 123,3±52,9 hari untuk kembali bunting dan 2,4±0,8 kali inseminasi per kebuntingan, sedangkan ternak kawin berulang membutuhkan lebih banyak waktu (222,9±134,1 hari) untuk kembali bunting dan inseminasi per kebuntingan (4,8±0,9 kali). Sebagai kesimpulan adalah bahwa penampilan reproduksi ternak kawin berulang sangat rendah sehingga menurunkan penampilan reproduksi ternak secara keseluruhan. Kata kunci: sapi perah, tropis, kawin berulang, penampilan reproduksi ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to investigate the incidence of repeat breeding in dairy cows under tropical condition. This was a preliminary study conducted in Sinjai Regency, Indonesia. A total of 82 Holstein Friesian lactating cows from five dairy farmer groups were used in the present study. Of the 82 cows, 75.6% eventually became pregnant after repeated inseminations (AI). The incidence of repeat breeding in this area was very high (62%). Days in milk (DIM) at first AI, first AI conception rate, and calving to conception interval were 62.5±19.3 days, 0%, and 202.8±150.0 days, respectively. There was no difference in DIM at first AI between repeat breeders and normal fertility cows (60.4±15.2 days vs 68.3±28.6 days). However, normal fertility cows required only 123.3±52.9 days to conceive and 2.4±0.8 inseminations per pregnancy, whereas repeat breeders required significantly more days to conceive (222.9±134.1 days) and more inseminations per pregnancy (4.8±0.9). In conclusion, repeat breeder dairy cows under tropical condition had very poor and reduced reproductive performance.

Coffee is an important agricultural product traded in global market. Coffee exports have contributed significantly to the economic growth of Indonesia, reducing the trade deficit and partly solved the problem of poverty reduction for people, especially in rural area. The demand of high-quality coffee is growing fast. The demand from consumers for certified coffee is also growing, and the price they are willing to pay has caught the attention of traders and producers. In global scope we have some sustainable coffee certifications including: Organic, Fair Trade Certified, Rainforest Alliance, Smithsonian Bird Friendly, UTZ Certified, and 4C Common Code. The objective of this review are: (1) perspective analysis of sustainable coffee certifications, (2) analysis of Indonesia coffee industry, and (3) strategy formulation in improving practices and accountability of Indonesia coffee development in global supply chains. There is evidence for a range of social, economic, and environmental benefits of certification. These certifications have the potential to create value for smallholders, as certain certified coffee carries a market premium. In order to meet market demand, coffee farmers have had to adapt a good farming practices to qualify for certification.