and Meinel, 1994; Moreno-Sevilla et al., 1995a;McKendry et al., 1996). The 1RS.1BL translocation is one of the Most experiments on 1RS translocations in wheat (Triticum aestimost frequently used alien introgressions in wheat vum L.) cannot separate the effects of introgressions of rye (Secale breeding programs throughout the world (Braun et al., cereale L.) chromosome arm from the absence of corresponding wheat chromosome arms. The objective of this research was to determine 1998). It was derived from the Russian cultivars 'Authe contribution of individual wheat and rye group 1 chromosome rora' and 'Kavkaz' (Zeller and Hsam, 1984). The arms. Five group 1 ditelosomics, six substitutions, and 16 translocations 1RS.1AL translocated wheats derived from 'Amigo' of 1R in wheat were compared with appropriate controls. All ditelohave also been extensively used in wheat breeding prosomics were significantly different from controls for 100-kernel weight grams in the USA (Graybosch, 1995; 2001).(100-KW), flour protein content (FP), Mixograph peak time (MT) and Although the 1RS introgressions have conferred tolerance (MTO), and sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation (SDSS) broad adaptation, high yields, and yield stability, they volume. Among the long arms, 1DL was the most important for endhave frequently demonstrated unsatisfactory end-use use quality and 1AL the least important, ranking even below the 1RL quality, especially diminished mixing tolerance, dough tested. The contribution of all short arms was low. Substitutions of stickiness, reduced loaf volume, and poor crumb grain 1R negatively impacted agronomic performance with the long arm being entirely responsible for this effect. Among translocation lines, when compared with wheats with a standard chromothose with 1RS.1BL had the highest yield and those with 1RS.1DL some constitution (Dhaliwal et al., 1990, Burnett et al., the lowest. Negative impact of all translocations of 1RS on the end-1995; Lee et al., 1995; Seo et al., 1995). Carver and use quality was far greater than the absence of the corresponding 1S Rayburn (1995) indicated that the 1RS.1BL translocaarms of wheat. Translocation 1RS.1AL was the least detrimental to tion lines had, on average, increased grain protein conquality and 1RS.1DL the most detrimental. Both the source of the tent and decreased dough mixing properties and SDS rye chromatin and its position in the wheat genome affected agronomic sedimentation volumes. Moreno-Sevilla et al. (1995b) performance and quality. These results suggest that it may be possible determined that the 1RS.1BL genotypes from the 'Rawto create new translocations of 1RS in wheat with improved perfor-hide' background had a higher protein content, similar mance. Translocation of 1RS to 1AL is preferred from a quality point mixing time, and lower mixing tolerance than 1B genoof view; that to 1BL appears more beneficial for agronomic performance.

The present study investigated the effect of various concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators on callus induction, shoot proliferation and root regeneration of three potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars by using potato nodal and leaf explants under long-day conditions. The minimum days for callus induction (8.33 d), the maximum callus formation percentage (87.50%), the largest callus diameter (1.90 cm) and the maximum callus weight (2.04 g) were recorded on 1.0 £ Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 3.0 mg L ¡1 benzyl amino purine (BAP) C 2.0 mg L ¡1naphthalene acedic acid (NAA). Nodal explants demonstrated a better performance for callus induction compared to leaf segments. Nodal and leaf derived calli differentiated into shoot promordia when subcultured on MS media supplemented with different concentration of BAP, kinetin and thidiazuran as well as gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) and NAA. The maximum shoot regeneration percentage (90.00%) and the maximum number of shoots (6.42) were obtained on 1.0 £ MS medium containing 2.0 mg L ¡1 BAP C 0.25 mg L ¡1 GA 3 .

Waterlogging is an important factor influencing yield and yield components in wheat. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of waterlogging on yield, yield components, protein and proline content, and chlorophyll a and b in wheat. In the study, seven levels of waterlogging treatment, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 60 days of flooding were applied. Increasing waterlogging stress decreased yield, spike number per m 2 , seed weight and number per spike, protein content, and chlorophyll a and b; and caused increase in proline content. Results indicated significant linear responses for yield, spike number per m 2 , seed weight and number per spike, protein content, chlorophyll a and b.

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The study compared the effects of 1.0 × MS medium containing various concentrations of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), alone or in combination with gibberellic acid (GA3) in micropropagation of three potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars Pasinler, Granola, and Caspar using binodal stem cuttings. The results testified improved regeneration on 1.0 × MS medium containing variants of NAA, IAA, and IBA plus GA3 on all cultivars. The minimum days to shoot induction on three cultivars ranged 4.25–5 d on 1.0 × MS medium containing 0.25 mg L−1  GA3 + 1 mg L−1 NAA. The longest shoots (11.8 cm), maximum number of nodes (13.50), and maximum number of leaves (11.00) were recorded on cv. Caspar on 1.0 × MS medium containing 1 mg L−1  NAA + 0.25 mg L−1 GA3. The minimum time to root induction (12.25 d) was noted on cv. Pasinler on the same medium. All of the regenerated shoots could be easily rooted. The results showed that the combined effect of various concentrations of NAA, IAA, and IBA plus GA3 was more pronounced compared to the auxins used alone. The results of this research are of significant importance for potato breeders.