The combination of bis(bipyridine)copper(II) [CuM(bpy)22+] and 2 equiv of base [HO" or H0C(0)0~] with excess alcohol (e.g., PhCH2OH) in an 02-saturated acetonitrile solution results in the rapid, catalytic transformation of the alcohol to its aldehyde (or ketone for secondary alcohols). The rate of the process is first-order each in substrate, catalyst, and 02 concentration with an apparent rate constant, k, for PhCH2OH of 68 ± 9 M™2 s-1. Aliphatic primary alcohols react 4-20 times slower, secondary alcohols react 2-10 times slower than primary alcohols, and a-allylic alcohols react 2-4 times slower than PhCH2OH. The buildup of water (the coproduct) deactivates the catalyst via its reduction to the Cu(I) state. In the absence of alcohol, the catalyst initiates the auto-oxygenation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids.

BackgroundAcute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is the most common reason for the hospitalization and death of pulmonary patients. The use of antibiotics as adjuvant therapy for AECOPD, however, is still a matter of debate.MethodsIn this study, we searched the PubMed, EmBase, and Cochrane databases for randomized controlled trials published until September 2016 that evaluated the use of antibiotics for AECOPD treatment. The major outcome variables were clinical cure rate and adverse effects. The microbiological response rate, relapse of exacerbation, and mortality were also analysed. A random-effect network was used to assess the effectiveness and tolerance of each antibiotic used for AECOPD treatment.ResultsIn this meta-analysis, we included 19 articles that assessed 17 types of antibiotics used in 5906 AECOPD patients. The cluster ranking showed that dirithromycin had a high clinical cure rate with a low rate of adverse effects. Ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole had high clinical cure rates with median rates of adverse effects. In terms of the microbiological response rate, only doxycycline was significantly better than placebo (odds ratio (OR), 3.84; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.96–7.54; p < 0.001). There were no other significant results with respect to the frequency of recurrence or mortality.ConclusionsOur study indicated that dirithromycin is adequate for improving the clinical cure rate of patients with AECOPD with few adverse effects. Ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are also recommended for disease treatment. However, caution should still be exercised when using antibiotics to treat AECOPD.Trial Registration Not applicable.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s12890-017-0541-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Background: Patients with bronchiectasis have a higher cardiovascular risk than their matched controls. However, the effect of cardiovascular (CV) disease on bronchiectasis remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to investigate the clinical impacts of cardiovascular disease on adult patients with bronchiectasis. Methods: The study cohort comprised 603 consecutive inpatients diagnosed with bronchiectasis in the Affiliated Yancheng Hospital of Southeast University Medical College (Jiangsu, China) from January 2014 to December 2017. Symptoms, bacterial cultures, blood biochemical indicator levels, and chest high-resolution computed tomography scans were assessed during their initial hospitalization for bronchiectasis. Three hundred and thirty five subjects finished 1 year follow-up after their hospital discharge. Results: Three hundred thirty five patients had at least one bronchiectasis exacerbation during the 1-year follow-up period. Patients with CV comorbidities were more likely to present with symptoms of wheezing (65.3%) and had a higher levels of brain natriuretic peptide (P < 0.001) and D-dimer (P < 0.001) than those without CV comorbidities. Independent risk factors associated with bronchiectasis exacerbations were the presence of comorbidities of cardiovascular diseases (odds ratio [OR] 2.503, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.298-4.823; P = 0.006), the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (OR 2.076, 95% CI 1.100-3.919; P = 0.024), and extension to more than two lobes (OR 2.485, 95% CI 1.195-5.168; P = 0.015). Conclusion: The existence of cardiovascular disease was independently associated with increased bronchiectasis exacerbation.