This study examined the farmer’s perception on climate change and adaptation strategies to mitigate the adverse effect of climate change in the agricultural sector of Gujarat. It used farm level information of 400 farmers who were purposely selected from 8 districts. Thereupon, linear, non-linear and log-linear production function models were used to examine the impact of climate change, farmer’s adaptation strategies and technological change on agricultural production in Gujarat. The descriptive and empirical results specify that adaptation strategies (i.e., change in showing time of crops, mixed cropping pattern, irrigation facilities, application of green and organic fertilizer, hybrid varieties of seeds, dampening of seed before planting, climate tolerate crops, organic farming and technology) have a positive impact on agricultural production. Thus, farmer’s adaptation strategies are useful to mitigate the negative impact of climate change in the agricultural sector. Maximum temperature and minimum temperature, precipitation and rainfall have a negative impact on agricultural production. However, the impact of these factors seemed positive in the agricultural sector when farmers apply aforementioned adaptation strategies in cultivation. Family size, education level of farmers, annual income of farmers, arable land, irrigated area, cost of technology, appropriate technology and financial support from government have a positive contribution to increase agricultural production in Gujarat.

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This study examined the construct and latent factors of social, economic, and environmentally sustainable development and Science & technological progress across 39 economies from 2000 to 2016 using a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The linear production function model was used to explore the influence of sustainable development on social-economic development and Science & technological progress using country-wise panel data. The age dependency ratio, education expenditure, female labor force, life expectancy, and gender equality were detected as crucial factors of social development. Further, FDI net inflows, gross capital formation, per capita GDP, total employers, and labor force participation rate were found to be valuable variables for increasing economic development. The use of electricity, renewable energy, and green technology in production activities would be helpful in diminishing CO2 emissions and improving environmental sustainability. High-technology exports, ICT goods exports, and R&D expenditure were perceived as essential drivers of increasing Science & technological progress. Sustainable development, Science & technological progress, environmental technology, and job creation in all sectors appeared to be vital indicators to increase social-economic development. Science & technological progress was positively associated with social-economic development, sustainable development, the share of the industrial sector in GDP, and green technology. It was noticed that factors positively related to economic, social, environmental, Science & technological development seemed beneficial to increasing sustainable development. The global economies should implement integrated policy in the social, economic, Science & technology, and environmental sectors to achieve sustainable development. Otherwise, global economies cannot reach the 17 sustainable development goals of the United Nations by 2030.

This study observed the effect of climatic factors, social-economic profile of agriculturists, appropriate technology, climate adaptation strategy (CAS), and development institutions on farm income Ha-1 in Gujarat using a log-linear regression model. Euler's theorem was used to observe the expected farm income Ha-1 by the years of 2040s, 2060s, 2080s, and 2100s. Logit and probit regression models were also employed to assess the CAS affecting factors. The results indicated that farm income Ha-1 decreases as marginal increase in climatic variables. The results based on Euler's theorem showed that farm income Ha-1 may decline by 12.01%, 17.22%, 22.80%, and 28.66% by the years of 2040s, 2060s, 2080s, and 2100s, respectively. It highlighted that farmers' CAS were significantly associated with family size, yearly income, total arable land, income from cash crops, financial support from government, agricultural development institutions, collaboration with different stakeholders, and skills and technical support from technology developers.

This study investigated the implication of various factors, including climatic conditions, social-economic variables, agricultural inputs, technological development, institutional support, and adaptation strategies in the agricultural sector of Gujarat. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to analyse the farm-level data from 240 randomly selected farmers across eight districts. The study found that farm income per hectare is influenced by climate adaptation strategies, appropriate technology, annual income, education level, family size, fertilizer application, farm income from cash crops, financial support from the government, and access to credit. The study recommends the use of appropriate technology and adaptation strategies to mitigate the negative impact of climate change, as well as increase farmers’ access to credit, diversify crops, and encourage technological development in the agricultural sector. In addition, agricultural extension and development agencies should train farmers regularly to improve their understanding of climate adaptation practices and other inputs.