This study examined the farmer’s perception on climate change and adaptation strategies to mitigate the adverse effect of climate change in the agricultural sector of Gujarat. It used farm level information of 400 farmers who were purposely selected from 8 districts. Thereupon, linear, non-linear and log-linear production function models were used to examine the impact of climate change, farmer’s adaptation strategies and technological change on agricultural production in Gujarat. The descriptive and empirical results specify that adaptation strategies (i.e., change in showing time of crops, mixed cropping pattern, irrigation facilities, application of green and organic fertilizer, hybrid varieties of seeds, dampening of seed before planting, climate tolerate crops, organic farming and technology) have a positive impact on agricultural production. Thus, farmer’s adaptation strategies are useful to mitigate the negative impact of climate change in the agricultural sector. Maximum temperature and minimum temperature, precipitation and rainfall have a negative impact on agricultural production. However, the impact of these factors seemed positive in the agricultural sector when farmers apply aforementioned adaptation strategies in cultivation. Family size, education level of farmers, annual income of farmers, arable land, irrigated area, cost of technology, appropriate technology and financial support from government have a positive contribution to increase agricultural production in Gujarat.

Existing studies could not estimate the technical efficiency (TE) of firms and it's affecting factors in the Indian manufacturing sector. So, the present study examines the TE of firms using a stochastic frontier production function approach. Thereupon, it examines the impact of S&T and IPRs related factors on estimated TE of firms using a linear regression model. Estimated values of TE of firms show that most firms have a TE of 94%; thus, firms are efficient in producing surplus production in the manufacturing sector. It is acclaimed that firms can improve production scale using more technological upgradation and advancement. Furthermore, empirical results indicate that process innovations of firms, quality certification of firm, firm acquired process/product patents, in-house R&D expertise of firms, public-technology support institutions of firms, proficiency to improve processes of firms, new or improved products of firms, waste management capabilities of firms, and skilled workforce of firms are appeared effective activities to increase the TE of firms. It is proposed that there is a requirement to increase R&D expenditure, a collaboration of industries with research academia, incentive to researchers and scientists to do extensive research in emerging sectors of technologies and appropriate financial support to firms to boost the growth of Indian manufacturing sector.

This study assessed the growth rate of commercial and food-grain crops due to technological change in Gujarat. Growth rate model was employed to examine the growth rate of area sown, production and yield of crops. Subsequently, impact of technological change, and other inputs on yield of individual crop was estimated using a Cobb-Douglas production function model. Time trend factor was used as a proxy variable to capture the impact of technological change, and other inputs (i.e., area sown, irrigated area, application of fertilizer, agricultural labors, rural literate population and annual actual rainfall) on yield of crops. Growth rate of cropped area, production and yield of cotton, sugarcane, castor, potato, rice, arhar, maize, gram and wheat crops were seemed positive in Gujarat. Yield of cotton, sugarcane, castor, rice, arhar, maize, bajra, gram, wheat, jowar ragi, potato, groundnut, sesamum, rapeseed&mustard and soyabeans crops was positively associated with time trend factors. Furthermore, the regression coefficient of time trend factor with yield of cotton, tobacco, potato, groundnut, sesamum, rapeseed & mustard, rice, arhar, maize, bajra, gram, wheat, jowar and ragi was reported positive and statistically significant. Hence, the estimates shows that yield of aforesaid crops were improved due to application of technological change in agricultural sector in Gujarat. Several practical policy suggestions are given to increase the use of technology in agricultural sector to improve the growth of major food-grain and commercial crops.

This study observed the effect of climatic factors, social-economic profile of agriculturists, appropriate technology, climate adaptation strategy (CAS), and development institutions on farm income Ha-1 in Gujarat using a log-linear regression model. Euler's theorem was used to observe the expected farm income Ha-1 by the years of 2040s, 2060s, 2080s, and 2100s. Logit and probit regression models were also employed to assess the CAS affecting factors. The results indicated that farm income Ha-1 decreases as marginal increase in climatic variables. The results based on Euler's theorem showed that farm income Ha-1 may decline by 12.01%, 17.22%, 22.80%, and 28.66% by the years of 2040s, 2060s, 2080s, and 2100s, respectively. It highlighted that farmers' CAS were significantly associated with family size, yearly income, total arable land, income from cash crops, financial support from government, agricultural development institutions, collaboration with different stakeholders, and skills and technical support from technology developers.