This paper describes the politics of initial establishment and later development of four Islamic organizations in North Sumatra: Muhammadiyah, Al Jam`iatul Washliyah, Nahdlatul Ulama, and Al Ittihadiyah. It particularly focuses on the historical evolution and dynamics of these four Islamic organizations. As a subject of analysis, it, for the most part, assesses the aspects of ethnicity, religious doctrine, educational institution, and political aspiration reflected by these organizations in that area. The paper shows that these four organizations have contributed much to the progress of the Islamic community in this region.

<p><strong>Abstrak: </strong>Kitab kuning sejak lama menjadi bagian penting studi Islam di Indonesia, sejak era pertumbuhannya sampai kini. Pesantren, dan agak belakangan madrasah, menjadi garda terdepan dalam pengkajian dan pelestarian khazanah kitab kuning di Nusantara. Kitab-kitab yang dikaji meliputi bidang tafsir, hadis, tauhid, fikih, sampai bidang tasawuf. Penelitian pembelajaran kitab kuning selama ini memang dirasa masih berfokus pada kawasan Jawa yang memang bisa dikatakan basis pesantren di Nusantara. Selain itu diketahui ada sejumlah perubahan dalam sistem pembelajaran kitab kuning di pesantren. Secara khusus, artikel ini mengkaji sistem pembelajaran kitab kuning di Pesantren Musthafawiyah. Berdasarkan penelitian lapangan terhadap sistem pembelajaran kitab kuning di pesantren tersebut, di mana data diperoleh dari kegiatan wawancara, observasi, dan telaah dokumen, artikel ini mengajukan temuan bahwa pembelajaran kitab kuning di pesantren Musthafawiyah tidak mengalami perubahan. Kitab yang dikaji selalu sama sejak berdiri sampai sekarang, meskipun ada penambahan kitab yang bukan dalam katagori kitab kuning. Kajian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi bagi kajian sejarah pendidikan Islam di Indonesia, khususnya pendidikan Islam di luar Jawa. <br /> <br /><strong>Kata Kunci: </strong>Mandailing, pesantren, pembelajaran, kitab kuning, Musthafawiyah</p><p><br /> <strong>Abstract: Learning System of Kitab Kuning at Pesantren Musthafawiyah, Mandailing Natal. </strong>The <em>kitab kuning</em> (literally ‘Yellow Book’, pre-modern books on Islam) has been the core of Indonesian Islamic studies for a long time. Right from the beginning, <em>pesantrens</em>, to be joined by <em>madradsas </em>at a later period<em>, </em>have taken the responsibility of preserving and teaching <em>kitab kuning </em>throughout the Indonesia archipelago.  The <em>kitab kuning-</em>based studies encompass a variety of subjects such as Qur’anic Exegesis, Prophetic Tradition, Islamic Theology, Islamic Law, and Sufism.  Very much of the existing studies about <em>kitab kuning </em>was<em> </em>undertaken in Java <em>pesantrens </em>and very seldom cover those pesantrens outside Java. Considering that, as well as many developments and changes in <em>kitab kuning </em>studies, the present studies concentrate on Pesantren Musthafawiyah of Mandailing Natal, North Sumatra. The data obtained suggest that in Pesantren Musthafawiyah the <em>kitab kuning </em>curriculum has remained the same from its initial operation in early 20^th century to the present. It means that the books studied have always been the same. Although some new books enter the lists, but they are by no means replacing the <em>kitab kuning. </em><br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Keywords</strong>: Mandailing, pesantren, learning, yellow book, Musthafawiyah</p>

<strong>Abstrak: </strong>Studi ini menganalisa respons organisasi Al-Ittihadiyah di Sumatera Utara terhadap radikalisme. Belakangan ini muncul pernyataan yang menimbulkan kontra produktif di mana organisasi Islam selain Nahdlatul Ulama diragukan perannya dalam membangun peradaban bangsa. Artikel ini menganalisis respons Al-Ittihadiyah terhadap radikalisme. Al-Ittihadiyah didirikan sebelum Indonesia merdeka dan para tokohnya ikut memperjuangkan dan mempertahankan kemerdekaan. Data studi ini diperoleh melalui wawancara mendalam yang dilengkapi dengan kegiatan studi dokumen dan observasi; lalu dianalisis dengan menggunakan model analisis data Miles dan Huberman. Hasilnya adalah bahwa Al-Ittihadiyah merupakan organisasi Islam moderat sebagaimana dua organisasi Islam papan atas, NU dan Muhammadiyah. Organisasi ini, melalui lisan dan tulisan pengurusnya, menegaskan bahwa radikalisme bertentangan dengan semangat Islam. Mereka menolak banyak gagasan kelompok radikal seperti khilafah, anti-Barat, jihad berarti perang, dan legalisasi bom bunuh diri, sembari memberikan solusi bagi peredaman pertumbuhan dan perkembangan radikalisme di Indonesia.<br /> <br /><strong>Abstract: Al-Ittihadiyah in North Sumatra and Its Responses to Radicalism.</strong> This study analyzes the response of the Al-Ittihadiyah in North Sumatra to radicalism. Lately there has been a counter-productive statement undermining the contribution of Islamic organizations other than Nahdlatul Ulama in building national civilization. Al-Ittihadiyah was established in Medan before Indonesia’s independence and its prominent leaders participated in gaining and maintaining independence. Information for this article has been gathered through combination of interviews, observations, and document reviews. Data analysis was based on the model developed by Miles and Huberman. It is concluded that Al-Ittihadiyah is a moderate Islamic organization, very much like the two top-flight Islamic organizations, Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah. This organization, through oral and written statement of the management, asserted that radicalism is against the spirit of Islam. They reject many of the ideas of radical groups such as the Caliphate, anti-West, <em>jihâd</em> means war, and the legalization of suicide bombings, while providing solutions to suppress the growth and development of radicalism in Indonesia.<br /> <br /><strong>Kata Kunci: </strong>radikalisme, jihad, kafir, bom bunuh diri, Al-Ittihadiyah, Melayu, Mandailing

<p><strong>Abstrak: </strong>Artikel ini menelaah organisasi Al-Ittihadiyah di Sumatera Utara. Secara khusus, artikel ini akan menguak ideologi yang diperjuangkan organisasi, amal usaha, serta perkembangannya di komunitas yang majemuk. Artikel ini merupakan hasil penelitian kepustakaan yang didukung oleh data lapangan. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis isi. Artikel ini mengajukan temuan bahwa Al-Ittihadiyah merupakan salah satu organisasi Islam yang lahir di Kota Medan dimana kelompok ulama dan tokoh Melayu menjadi patron utama organisasi ini. Al-Ittihadiyah seakan menjadi corong bagi etnis Melayu di Sumatera Timur, dan ini yang membedakan mereka dengan etnis Minangkabau yang berafiliasi dengan Muhammadiyah dan etnis Mandailing yang berafiliasi dengan Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah. Selain itu, Al-Ittihadiyah sebagai organisasi tidak berafiliasi dengan mazhab akidah dan fikih tertentu, tetapi para pendukungnya adalah penganut mazhab Asy‘ariyah dan Syâfi‘iyah. Kemudian, Al-Ittihadiyah bergerak dalam bidang pendidikan, dakwah dan amal sosial, meskipun mulai dari awal kemerdekaan Al-Ittihadiyah terlibat dalam Partai Masyumi, dan kelak tokoh-tokohnya melibatkan diri dalam PPP yang akhirnya membuat organisasi ini kalah bersaing dengan Al Washliyah dan Muhammadiyah dalam pengembangan amal usahanya.   <strong></strong><br /> </p><p><strong>Abstract: Islamic Organization in Malay Land: Ideology and Movements of Al-Ittihadiyah Before-Reform Era.</strong> This article examines the Al-Ittihadiyah organization in North Sumatra, focusing on its ideology, programs, and its development in a pluralistic community. This article is based on content analysys study, combining literary information and field data. This article proposes that Al-Ittihadiyah was one of the Islamic organizations established in Medan City, initiated and patronized by Malay clerics and prominent figures. As such this organisation has a very close ties with Malays, very much like the association of the Minangkabaus with Muhammadiyah and Mandailings with Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah. In addition, Al-Ittihadiyah as an organization is not affiliated with certain schools of faith and jurisprudence, but its supporters are adherents of the Ash‘ariyah and Syâfi‘iyah schools. Al-Ittihadiyah engages in education, da’wah and social charity. In the beginning of independence, Al-Ittihadiyah leaders joined the Masjumi Party, and later on the Unity and Development Party (PPP). It seems that this political involvement makes this organization unable to compete with Al Washliyah and Muhammadiyah.</p><p><strong>Kata Kunci: </strong>organisasi Islam, Al-Ittihadiyah, mazhab, pendidikan, dakwah, politik, Melayu</p><p><br /><strong></strong></p>

This study aims to reveal how the process of modernization of education content on the organization Muhammadiyah, Nahdlatul Ulama and Al Jam'iyatul Washliyah years 1900-1942. The issues raised are: (1) how the historical background in modernizing education content of the three organizations; (2), how the modernization process of these organizations to arrange their education content; (3), how the these organizations dissemination of education content on the subjects. This is solved by historical method comprising the steps of: heuristics; second, verification; interpretation; historiography, and social history. The findings research informs: First, the three organizations have the same background in determining the education content, those are, first; the spirit leaders spreading Islam in accupation situation by orienting on Islamic education of the occupation, second; the intellectual contact internally an externally to conceive and build on the progress of Islamic education. Third; The strong desire to equate Islamic education progress with the western progress (colonization), fourth; The desire to realize the equality social among communities in receiving education and the world of work. The second finding is; the same formulate of education content material Islamic teaching that originated from AD and ART, but have different ways depending on modern education content. Muhammadiyah with revolutionary and Nahdlatul Ulama with evolutionary, and Al Jam'iyatul Washliyah with situasionery. the third finding is; the similarities of education content modernization process using a common and religious material. However they have differences on the distribution of the content in the subjects, Muhammadiyah is innovative and NahdlatulUlama is creative and Al Jam'iyatul Washliyah is very selective.